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BC 2- > Synthesis of AA and their derivatives > Flashcards

Synthesis of AA and their derivatives Flashcards

1
Q

Where can all AA be derived from?

A

from intermediates of metabolic pathways

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2
Q

Which organisms can synthesize all AA?

A

Bacteria and plants

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3
Q

Mammals synthesize _ AA from __ v Source of

A

Mammals synthesize 10 AA from intermediates of metabolic pathway

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4
Q

What are the sources of amino groups in synthesis of AA?

A

Glutamate and Glutamine

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5
Q

How many essential AA are there

A

9

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6
Q

Name essential AA and a mnemonic to memorize them

A

Veterinarian Prescribed High Lipid Meal To Increase Triglyceride Levels
Valine Phenylalanine Histidine Lysine Methionine Tryptophan Isoleucine Threonine Leucine

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7
Q

What are non-standard AA?

A

These AA are not used in protein synthesis

E.g. GABA, Homocystein

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8
Q

What is the 21st AA

A

Selenocysteine
- New AA that was discovered. Used in protein coding. It is synthesized on tRNA
Coded by UGA in context dependent manner
E.g. Glutathione Peroxidase is a protein that contains selenocysteine - this enzyme alleviates oxidative stress

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9
Q

How can AA be grouped?

A

AA can be categorized depending on the intermediate used to build the AA aka precursors

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10
Q

Name and describe the groups of AA + primary AA of each

A

Group 1: alpha-ketoglutarate (which comes from TCA)- glutamate
Group 2: 3-phosphoglycerate which is part of glycolysis.- Serine
Group 3: oxaloacetate is the precursor-> Aspartate
Group 4: Pyruvate. - Alanine
Group 5- phosphoenolpyruvate- tyrosine

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11
Q

What is special about tyrosine?

A

It is neither be essential nor non-essential Tyrosine can be made from phenylalanine. Mammals have an enzymatic system to make tyrosine if phenylalanine is available (an essential AA)

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12
Q

Describe AA made from a-ketoglutarate

A

A-ketoglutarate is first used to make glutamate which is non-essential and is the primary AA of this group. Glutamate is then used to make 3 conditionally essential AA- glutamine proline and arginine

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13
Q

Describe AA made from 3-phosphoglycerate

A

3-phosphoglycerate is first used to make serine which is non-essential and is the primary AA of this group. Serine is then used to make 2 conditionally essential AA- glycine and cysteine

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14
Q

__ require asparagine for growth

A

Malignant lymphocytes require asparagine for growth

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15
Q

Describe AA made from oxaloacetate

A

Oxaloacetate is first used to make aspartate which is non-essential and is the primary AA of this group. Aspartate is then used to make 1 non- essential AA- asparagine and 3 essential AA

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16
Q

Describe AA made from pyruvate

A

Pyruvate is used to make 1 non-essential AA- alanine and 3 essential AA

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17
Q

Tyrosine can be made if __ is available from diet

A

Tyrosine can be made if phenylalanine is available from diet

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18
Q

Describe AA synthesis form PEP

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) together with erythrose 4-phosphate (intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway and the Calvin cycle) can be used to make 3 essential AA, one of which is phenylalanine, which can be used to make tyrosine

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19
Q

Is pentose phosphate pathway important for AA synthesis in mammals? WHy?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway is not important for AA synthesis in mammals
Ribose 5-phosphate made in the pentose phosphate is a precursor of histidine which is an essential AA thus it cannot be made in mammals

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20
Q

What is the most important derivative of AA

A

Heme

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21
Q

How’s heme made?

A

Heme is synthesized from glycine in mammals.
Glycine is the precursor and is first converted into 𝛿-aminolevulinate
8 of 𝛿-aminolevulinate are put together into ring structures called porphyrins
When one of porphyrins intermediates -protophyrin intermediate receives iron it becomes heme

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22
Q

what is porphyria diseases

A

Accumulation of porphyrin intermediates

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23
Q

what is Jaundice

A

Accumulation of bilirubin
Disease of the liver- problem with bilirubin metabolism
If new born have it- no worry

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24
Q

How’s heme converted to bilirubin

A

The first step catalyzed by heme oxygenase, converts heme to biliverdin
Biliverdin is converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase enzyme

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25
Q

How’s bilirubin excreted?

A

Bilirubin is taken up by the liver which can convert it to bilirubin diglucuronide intermediate using bilirubin transferase enzyme
This intermediate is converted into bilirubin that goes into bile -> intestine
When bilirubin comes to intestine, bacteria is needed to convert it into urobilinogen
Urobilinogen is primarily converted into urobilin in kidneys
Urobilinogen has to be transported to the kidneys
Some of urobilinogen is also converted to stercobilin which is excreted through feces

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26
Q

__ gives color to urine

A

Urobilin gives color to urine

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27
Q

Explain color transitions of the bruise

A

Bruise= metabolism of heme
RBC come out, die and heme is released which is red -red, pink
With time, oxygen is released red to blue color change
That heme is slowly metabolized to biliverdin which has green color
It is then converted to bilirubin -> yellow color

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28
Q

What’s creatine made from?

A

Glycine, Arginine and Methionine

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29
Q

What and how is creatine is tuned into? Why is that compound important?

A

Creatine kinase phosphorylates creatine to make phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine stores phosphate group that is necessary for ADP to ATP conversion -plays a role in ATP synthesis

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30
Q

Creatine is an __ derivative

A

Creatine is an amino acid derivative

31
Q

what is glutathione made from?

A

Glutathione is synthesized from Glutamate, Cysteine and Glycine

32
Q

Why is glutathione important?

A
  • Glutathione is the major anti- oxidant
  • Glutathione peroxidase dimerizes glutathione
    to oxidized form which prevents oxidative damage
33
Q

Glutathione is a derivative of __

A

Glutathione is a derivative of AA

34
Q

Name neurotransmitters that are AA derivateives

A

Epinephrine
GABA
Histamine
Serotonin

35
Q

Describe Epinephrine

A

Epinephrine - made from tyrosine. Flight or fight hormone

36
Q

Describe GABA

A
  • GABA- made from glutamate. It is mainly an inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS, but is also important in maintaining muscle tone
37
Q

Describe Histamine

A
  • Histamine- made from histidine (it is essential AA). Plays a role in allergic acid and stimulated HCl release in stomach - important in digestion
38
Q

Describe Serotonin

A

Serotonin- derived from tryptophan, an essential AA. Also plays a role in peristaltic movement in s intestine. Happiness and bonding hormone,

39
Q

Name 5 reasons why are nucleotides important (what do they serve as)

A
  • Precursors of nucleic acids
  • Carriers of energy (ATP and GTP)
  • Components of cofactors (NAD, FAD, CoA)
  • Initiators of glycogenesis - UDP glucose
  • Second messengers
40
Q

What are nucleotides composed of

A

Base+ pentose sugar + phosphate group

41
Q

What are nuclosides composed of

A

Base+ pentose sugar

42
Q

Describe and name purines

A

Purines have 2 carbon-nitrogen rings

Guanine and Adenine

43
Q

Describe and name pyrimidines

A

Pyrimidines- 1 carbon-nitrogen ring

Uracil, guanine and thymine

44
Q

Nucleotide polymers have a __ ring

A

Nucleotide polymers have a 3’ an 5’ ring

45
Q

Name 2 types of Nucleotides synthesis pathways

A

De novo

Salvage pathway

46
Q

Describe Salvage pathway

A

purine/pyrimidine bases released from degradation of nucleotides

47
Q

Describe de Novo pathway

A

Nucleotides are made from metabolic precursors (AA, ribose 5-phosphate, CO2 and NH3)

48
Q

Are purine/pyrimidine bases synthesized as independent molecules (such as Glucose or FA)?

A

purine/pyrimidine bases are NOT synthesized as independent molecules (such as Glucose or FA)

49
Q

What are purine rings built on and what need to be available?

A

Purine rings are built up on ribose phosphate

Sugar needs to be available for synthesis to occur

50
Q

How are pyrimidine rings synthesized?

A

Pyrimidine ring is first synthesized as “orotate”

and then attached to ribose phosphate

51
Q

How is nucleotide synthesis stimulated to continue?

A

Nucleotide pools are kept low, so cells must continually synthesize them

52
Q

Describe PRPP

A

5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) comes from ribose 5-phosphate (end product of pentose phosphate pathway)
It is one of the precursors for nucleotide synthesis

53
Q

What’s the breakdown product of bilirubin?

A

Urobilinogen

54
Q

What are the precursors for nucleotide synthesis?

A

5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP)

There are multiple AA that act as precursor for purines and pyrimidines

55
Q

Which AA are precursors for which nucleotides?

A

Aspartate is the primary precursor for pyrimidines, glycine for purines
Glutamine provides the amino group for both

56
Q

What is the first intermediate with a complete purine ring in de novo synthesis?

A

IMP- inosinate

57
Q

What can Inosinate be used for?

A

Inosinate can then be converted to other purines in the form of AMP and GMP

58
Q

Inosinate is a product of many reactions of __

A

Inosinate is a product of many reactions of PRPP

59
Q

Which aa react in a serial order to make nitrogenous base in the form of inosinat?

A

Glutamine
Glycine
Glutamine
Aspartate

60
Q

What is the difference between GMP and AMP made from Inosinate

A

AMP is oxidized at 6th carbon where it has a double bond and NH2
GMP is oxidized at the 2nd carbon where it has a double bond and NH2

61
Q

What are the 2 types of inhibition of de novo synthesis

A

overall and specific inhibition

62
Q

Describe overall inhibition of de novo

A

When the enzymes above IMP are inhibited - overall inhibition
One end product inhibits the production of both end products
ribose 5-phosphate
PRPP
5-phosphoribosylamine

63
Q

Describe specific inhibition of de novo

A

One product inhibits the production of one product only
AMP inhibits AMP
GMP inhibits GMP

64
Q

pyrimidine is constructed from __ and __

A

pyrimidine is constructed from carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate

65
Q

Short summary of how pyrimidines are made

A

the six-membered pyrimidine ring is made first

and then attached to ribose 5-phosphate

66
Q

Which enzyme is required in pyrimidine synthesis?

A

Cytoplasmic carbamoyl phosphate synthase II

67
Q

Describe step of pyrimidine synthesis

A

Carbamoyl phosphate reacts with aspartate (precursors for De novo synthesis of pyrimidines)
It first has to be converted to Orotate
Once orotate is formed, the ribose 5-phosphate
side chain, provided once again by PRPP, is attached to
yield orotidylate
Eventually uridine 5’-triphosphate is formed (UTP) which is then converted into Cytidine 5’-triphosphate

68
Q

How’s uridine 5’-triphosphate converted into Cytidine 5’-triphosphate

A

By adding a nitrogen group donated by glutamien to 4th carbon

69
Q

Why is Pentose phosphate pathway important for nucleotide synthesis

A
  • Provides hydrogen source in form of NADH

Provides precursor 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP)

70
Q

Hydrogen atoms required for reduction to “deoxy” form are donated by __

A

Hydrogen atoms required for reduction to “deoxy” form are donated by NADPH

71
Q

How’s deoxyribose made?

A

Source of hydrogen are enzymatic reactions - glutathione reductase mechanism where hydrogen source is NADPH
NADPH comes from pentose phosphate pathway “OH” is replaced by “H” at 2nd Carbon of the ribose sugar

72
Q

What has to be done first in order to produce deoxynucleotides

A

Deoxynucleotides are converted from ribonucleotides, so ribonucleotides have to be built first to then be converted to deoxynucleotides

73
Q

How;s thymidine made?

A

Thymidine is made form UMP and CDP
The only difference between uracil and thymidine is the uracil group
UTP is the primary nucleotide that’s synthesized which is converted to UMP and TMP

74
Q

Name overall inhibitors of de novo synthesis

A

ADP
AMP
GMP
IMP

BC 2- (19 decks)

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