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Synthetic Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

Alkane → Alkene

A

Cracking

Catalyst

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2
Q

Alkene → Alkane

A

Hydrogenation - Electrophilic addition

H2 + catalyst (Nickel/Platinum/Palladium)

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3
Q

Alkane → Haloalkane

A

Free Radical substitution

X2 + UV light

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4
Q

Alkene → Haloalkane

A

Halogenation - electrophilic addition

HX

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5
Q

Alkene → Dihaloalkane

A

Halogenation - electrophilic addition

X2

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6
Q

Haloalkane → Ether

A

nucleophilic substitution

Na + alcohol

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7
Q

Haloalkane → Alkene

A

Elimination

Alcoholic KOH

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8
Q

Alkene → Alcohol

A

Hydration - Electrophilic addition

H20 + Diluted H2SO4/phosphoric acid

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9
Q

Haloalkane → Amine

A

Nucleophilic substitution

NH3

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10
Q

Haloalkane → Nitrile

A

Nucleophilic substitution

KCN

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11
Q

Haloalkane → Alcohol

A

Nucleophilic substitution

H20/NaOH

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12
Q

Nitrile → Amine

A

Reduction

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13
Q

Alcohol → Alkene

A

Dehydration/Elimination

Al2O3/H2SO4

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14
Q

Alcohol → Alkoxide

A

Na

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15
Q

Alcohol → Ester

A

Condensation

Carboxylic acid + Conc. H2SO4

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16
Q

Ester → Alcohol

A

Hydrolysis

NaOH then H+

17
Q

Amine → Amide

A

Condensation

Carboxylic acid

18
Q

Amide → Amine

A

Hydrolysis

NaOH then H+

19
Q

Nitrile → Carboxylic acid

A

Acid Hydrolysis

Dilute HCL

20
Q

Amide → Carboxylic acid

A

hydrolysis

NaOH

21
Q

Carboxylic acid → Amide

A

Condensation

22
Q

Carboxylic acid → Ester

A

Condensation

Alcohol + conc. H2SO4

23
Q

Carboxylic acid → Acid Chlorine

A

SOCl2/PCl3/PCl5

24
Q

Acid Chlorine → Ester

A

Condensation

Alcohol

25
Carboxylic acid → Carboxylate salt
Base
26
Carboxylate salt → Carboxylic acid
Acid
27
Ester → Carboxylic acid
Hydrolysis | NaOH then H+
28
Benzene → C6H5NO2
Nitration | NO2+ + conc.HNO3 + conc. H2SO4
29
Benzene → C6H5SO2OH
Sulphonation | Sulfuric acid heated under reflux/ fuming sulphuric acid in cold
30
Benzene → C6H5R
Alkylation | R+X-
31
Benzene → C6H5X
Halogenation | X2/X+
32
Name an oxidising agent
Acidified dichromate | H+/CrO7²⁻
33
Name a reducing agent
Lithium aluminium hydride | LiAlH4
34
Describe the oxidation pattern for Organic compounds
Primary alcohol → Aldehyde → Carboxylic acid Secondary alcohol → Ketone Tertiary alcohol → not easily oxidised
35
Describe the reduction pattern for organic compounds
Carboxylic acid → Aldehyde → Primary alcohol | Ketone → Secondary alcohol
36
Describe SN1 and SN2 reactions
SN1: Tertiary haloalkanes - stable carbonation intermediate stage - 2 steps SN2: Primary and secondary haloalkanes - new bond forms as old bond breaks - could revert to products - 1 stage

AH Chemistry (1 decks)

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