Synthetic Routes

Question 1

Alkane to haloalkane

Answer 1

X2 (halogen)
UV light

Question 2

Haloalkane to alcohol

Answer 2

Warm NaOH or KOH, H2O
Reflux

Question 3

Alcohol to haloalkane

Answer 3

NaX, H2SO4
20°C

Question 4

Alcohol to aldehyde

Answer 4

K2CrO7, H2SO4
Heat primary alcohol in distillation apparatus

Question 5

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid

Answer 5

K2CrO7, H2SO4
Reflux

Question 6

Alkene to dihaloalkane

Answer 6

X2 (halogen molecule)
20°C

Question 7

Alkene to alcohol

Answer 7

Steam, H3PO4 catalyst
300°C, 60-70 atm

Question 8

Alcohol to alkene

Answer 8

Conc H2SO4 or H3PO4
Heat

Question 9

Alkene to haloalkane

Answer 9

HX
20°C

Question 10

Alkene to alkane

Answer 10

H2, nickel catalyst
150°C

Question 11

Alcohol to ketone

Answer 11

K2Cr2O7, H2SO4
Heat secondary alcohol in reflux apparatus

Question 12

Haloalkane to nitrile

Answer 12

NaCN or KCN
Ethanol
Reflux

Question 13

Haloalkane to amine

Answer 13

Excess ethanolic NH3 (or amines)
Heat

Question 14

Nitrile to amine

Answer 14

LiAlH4 then dilute acid
Or Na and ethanol, reflux
Or H2, Ni/Pt catalyst, high temperature and pressure

Question 15

Nitrile to Carboxylic acid

Answer 15

Dilute HCl
Reflux

Question 16

Hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid

Answer 16

Dilute HCl
Reflux

Question 17

Ketone to 2° alcohol

Answer 17

NaBH4 then water

Question 18

Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

Answer 18

HCN or NaCN

Question 19

Ketone to hydroxynitrile

Answer 19

NaCN or HCN

Question 20

Hydroxynitrile to amine

Answer 20

LiAlH4 then dilute acid
Or Na and ethanol, reflux
Or H2, Ni/Pt catalyst, high temp and pressure

Question 21

Aldehyde to 1° alcohol

Answer 21

NaBH4 then water

Question 22

Alcohol to carboxylic acid

Answer 22

K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
Reflux

Question 23

Alcohol to ester

Answer 23

Carboxylic acid, H2SO4 catalyst, heat
Or acyl chloride
Or acid anhydride

Question 24

Carboxylic acid to ester

Answer 24

Alcohol, H+ (acid) catalyst
Heat

Question 25

Ester to carboxylic acid

Answer 25

Dilute acid or alkali Reflux

Question 26

Ester to carboxylate

Answer 26

OH- Heat

Question 27

Acyl chloride to ester

Answer 27

Alcohol 20°C

Question 28

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

Answer 28

SOCl2

Question 29

Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

Answer 29

Cold H2O

Question 30

Acyl chloride to 1° amide

Answer 30

NH3 20°

Question 31

Acyl chloride to 2° amide

Answer 31

Primary amine 20°

Question 32

Benzene to nitrobenzene

Answer 32

Conc HNO3 Conc H2SO4 Warm

Question 33

Benzene to halobenzene

Answer 33

X2 AlCl3 catalyst Warm

Question 34

Benzene to alkyl benzene

Answer 34

Haloalkane AlCl3 catalyst Reflux

Question 35

Benzene to phenylketone

Answer 35

Acyl chloride AlCl3 catalyst Reflux

Question 36

Nitrobenzene to phenylamine

Answer 36

Tin Conc HCl Reflux then add NaOH

Question 37

Phenol to sodium phenoxide

Answer 37

NaOH 20°

Question 38

Phenol to phenyl ester

Answer 38

Acyl chloride 20°

Question 39

Phenol to 2-nitrophenol or 4 nitrophenol

Answer 39

Dilute HNO3 20°

Question 40

Phenol to 2,4,6 tribromophenol

Answer 40

Bromine water (Br2) 20°

Question 41

Methyl benzene to benzoic acid

Answer 41

Alkaline MnO4 H2SO4