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A level Chemistry OCR > Synthetic Routes > Flashcards

Synthetic Routes Flashcards

1
Q

Alkane to haloalkane

A

X2, UV light, free radical substitution

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2
Q

Haloalkane to Amine

A

Excess ethnanolic ammonia (or amines)

Heat

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3
Q

Haloalkane to Nitrile

A

NaCN or KCN,
Ethanol,
Reflux
Nucleophilic substitution

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4
Q

Nitrile to Amine

A

LiAlH4, Then dilute acid. (Lab) - reduction

Or Na and ethanol, reflux.

Or H2, Ni/pt catalyst, high temp and pressure (Industry) - catalytic hydrogenation

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5
Q

Nitrile to carboxylic acid

A

Dilute HCl, reflux (hydrolysis)

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6
Q

Hydroxynitrile to amine

A

LiAlH4, Then dilute acid. (Lab) - reduction

Or Na and ethanol, reflux.

Or H2, Ni/pt catalyst, high temp and pressure (Industry) - catalytic hydrogenation

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7
Q

Hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid

A

Dilute HCl, reflux (Hydrolysis)

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8
Q

Alkene to alkane

A

H2, nickel catalyst, 150℃

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9
Q

Alkene to dihaloalkane

A

X2, 20℃

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10
Q

Alkene to alcohol

A

Steam, H3PO4 catalyst, 300℃, 60-70atm

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11
Q

Alcohol to alkene

A

Conc. H2SO4 or H3PO4, 170℃

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12
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol

A

Warm NaOH OR KOH, H2O, reflux

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13
Q

Alcohol to haloalkane

A

NaX, H2SO4, 20℃

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14
Q

Alcohol to Ester

A

Carboxylic acid, acid catalyst, heat. - esterification

OR acyl chloride.
Or acid anhydride

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15
Q

Ester to alcohol

A

Dilute acid or alkali,
Reflux
-hydrolosis

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16
Q

Alcohol to aldehyde/ketone

A

Acidified potassium dichromate, heat

17
Q

Aldehyde/ketone to Alcohol

A

NaBH4 then water - aldehyde gives primary, ketone give secondary

18
Q

Aldehyde/Ketone to hydroxynitrile

A

HCN

-Nucleophilic addition

19
Q

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid

A

Acidified potassium dichromate, reflux

Oxidation

20
Q

Hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid

A

Dilute HCl,

Reflux

21
Q

Carboxylic acid to ester

A

Alcohol,
Acid catalyst
Heat

22
Q

Ester to carboxylic acid

A

Dilute acid or alkali,

Reflux

23
Q

Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

24
Q

Acylc chloride to carboxylic acid

25
Acyl chloride to amide
NH3, 20℃ (to make primary amide) Amine, 20℃ (to make secondary amide)
26
Acyl chloride to ester
Alcohol, 20℃
27
Benzene to nitrobenzene
conc. HN03 conc.H2SO4 warm
28
Nitrobenzene to phenylamine
Tin, conc. HCl reflux then NaOH
29
Benzene to Halobenzene
X2, AlCl3 catalyst, warm
30
Benzene to Alkyl Benzene
Haloalkane AlCl3 catalyst | reflux
31
Benzene to phenylketone
Acyl chloride AlCl3 catalyst reflux
32
Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol
``` Bromine water (Br2) 20℃ ```
33
Phenol to sodium phenoxide
NaOH | 20℃
34
Phenol to phenyl esters
acyl chloride | 20℃
35
Phenol to 2-nitrophenol, or 4 nitrophenol
Dilute HN03, | 20℃

A level Chemistry OCR (15 decks)

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