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A Level Chemistry > Synthetic routes - aliphatic compounds > Flashcards

Synthetic routes - aliphatic compounds Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Name: Alkenes to Alkanes

A

Hydrogenation

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2
Q

What type of reaction is hydrogenation?

A

Addition

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3
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of hydrogenation?

A

> 150 degrees celsius
Catalyst - Nickel - Ni
H2 - GASEOUS hydrogen

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4
Q

Name: Alkene + Halogen

A

Halogenation

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5
Q

What type of reaction is halogenation?

A

Addition

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6
Q

What is produced by halogenation?

A

Dihaloalkane

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7
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of halogenation?

A

> Halogen solution e.g. bromine solution

> Unsaturated compound

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8
Q

Name: Alkene to Alcohol

A

Hydration

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9
Q

What type of reaction is hydration?

A

Addition

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10
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of hydration?

A

> H3PO4 catalyst
300 degrees celsius (HiGH)
65 atm (HIGH)
GASEOUS alkene and steam

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11
Q

Name: Alkene + hydrogen halide

A

Addition of hydrogen halides

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12
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of the addition of hydrogen halides?

A

> Gaseous hydrogen halide bubble through alkene

> RT

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13
Q

What is the difference between major and minor products?

A

A major product is the product that is most likely to form as they are more stable - more alkyl chains connected.

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14
Q

Name: Alkane to Haloalkane

A

Radical substitution

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15
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of radical substitution?

A

> UV

> Halogen

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16
Q

What type of fission occurs in radical substitution?

A

Homolytic

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17
Q

Name: Haloalkane to Alcohols

A

Hydrolysis

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18
Q

What type of reaction is hydrolysis?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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19
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

Electron pair acceptors: +

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20
Q

What is a nucleophile?

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A

Electron pair donors: -

21
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of hydrolylsis?

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A

> NaOH
:OH^-
Heated under REFLUX

22
Q

What type of fission occurs in hydrolysis?

23
Q

Name: Alcohol to Aldehyde

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A

Oxidation of PRIMARY alcohols - with DISTILLATION

24
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of primary alcohols to aldehydes?

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A

> Acidified potassium dichromate - K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
Heat gently
DISTIL immediately

25
Observations of primary alcohols to aldehydes
Colour change from orange to green
26
Name: Alcohol to Carboxylic acid
Oxidation of PRIMARY alcohols - with REFLUX
27
What are the conditions/reagents of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids?
> EXCESS acidified potassium dichromate - K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 > Heat strongly > Reflux set-up to fully oxidise
28
Observations of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids
Colour change from orange to green
29
Name: Alcohol to Ketone
Oxidation of secondary alcohols
30
What are the conditions/reagents of the oxidation of secondary alcohols?
> Acidified potassium dichromate - K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 | > Heat under reflux
31
Further reactions of the oxidation of secondary alcohols?
Does NOT undergo any further reactions
32
Observations of the oxidation of secondary alcohols?
Colour change orange to green
33
Name: Alcohol to Alkene
Dehydration
34
What type of reaction is dehydration?
Elimination
35
What are the conditions/reagents of dehydration?
> H2SO4 or H3PO4 (STRONG ACID) | > 170 degrees celsius (HEAT)
36
Name: Alcohol to Haloalkane
Halide substitution
37
What are the conditions/reagents of halide substitution?
> Heated under reflux > H2SO4 and Sodium halide ( e.g. NaCl) > *H3PO4 for NaI*
38
Name: Aldehyde to Carboxylic acid
Oxidation of aldehydes
39
What are the conditions/reagents of the oxidation of aldehydes?
> Acidified potassium dichromate - K2Cr2O7/H2SO4 - React to form Cr2O7^- and H^+ > Heat gently under REFLUX
40
Observations of the oxidation of aldehydes?
Colour change from orange to green due to the oxidation state of chromium changing.
41
Name: Aldehyde to Alcohol
Reduction of aldehyde
42
What type of reaction is the reduction of aldehydes?`
Nucleophilic addition
43
What are the conditions/reagents of the reduction of aldehyde?
> Sodium tetrahydridoborate(III) - NaBH4 - Reducing agent [H]
44
What type of alcohol is formed from the reduction of aldehyde?
Primary alcohols
45
Name: Ketone to Alcohol
Reduction of ketone
46
What type of reaction is the reductions of ketones?
Nucleophilic addition
47
What are the conditions/reagents of the reduction of ketones?
> Sodium tetrahydridoborate(III) - NaBH4 - Reducing agent [H]
48
What type of alcohol is formed from the reduction of ketones?
Secondary

A Level Chemistry (7 decks)

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