Synthetic routes - conditions, reagents, catalysts etc Flashcards
1
Q
alkane to haloalkane
A
- radical substitution
- halogen
- UV light
2
Q
alkene to alkane
A
- hydrogenation
- hydrogen gas
- nickel catalyst
- 150 degrees C
3
Q
alkene to haloalkane
A
- halogenation and electrophilic addition
- halogen / hydrogen halide
- (test for saturation)
4
Q
haloalkane to nitrile
A
- nucleophilic substitution
- KCN or NaCN in ethanol
- reflux
5
Q
nitrile to amine
A
- reduction
- hydrogen gas
- nickel catalyst
- 150 degrees C and raised pressure
6
Q
haloalkane to amine
A
- nucleophilic substitution
- sealed tube and heat (not reflux)
- NH3
- ethanol (solvent)
7
Q
haloalkane to alcohol
A
- NaOH
- reflux at 50 degrees C
8
Q
alcohol to haloalkane
A
- heat
- hydrogen halide or halide salt (forms hydrogen halide in situ)
- conc H2SO4 catalyst (if iodide then H3PO4)
9
Q
alkene to alcohol
A
- hydration
- steam
- H3PO4 catalyst
- 65 atm and 300 degrees C
10
Q
alcohol to alkene
A
- dehydration
- H3PO4 or H2SO4 catalyst
- 170 degrees C
11
Q
secondary alcohol to ketone
A
- oxidation
- K2Cr2O7
- H2SO4 catalyst
- reflux
12
Q
ketone to secondary alcohol
A
- reduction
- NaBH4
13
Q
alcohol to ester
A
- esterification
- carboxylic acid or acid anyhydride or acyl chloride
- H2SO4 catalyst
- reflux
14
Q
primary alcohol to aldehyde
A
- oxidation
- K2Cr2O7
- distillation
- H2SO4 catalyst
15
Q
aldehyde to primary alcohol
A
- reduction
- NaBH4
16
Q
ketone to hydroxynitrile
A
- nucleophilic addition
- NaCN or HCN
17
Q
aldehyde to hydroxynitrile
A
- nucleophilic addition
- NaCN or HCN
18
Q
aldehyde to carboxylic acid
A
- oxidation
- reflux
- K2Cr2O7
- H2SO4 catalyst
19
Q
primary alcohol to carboxylic acid
A
- oxidation
- reflux
- K2Cr2O7
- H2SO4 catalyst
20
Q
carboxylic acid to ester
A
- esterification
- alcohol
- reflux
- H2SO4 catalyst
21
Q
ester to carboxylic acid
A
- acid hydrolysis
- dilute acid
- reflux
22
Q
hydroxynitrile to amine
A
- hydrogen gas
- nickel catalyst
23
Q
hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid
A
- acid hydrolysis
- H2O and HCl
- heat
(also forms ammonium salt)
24
Q
nitrile to carboxylic acid
A
- acid hydrolysis
- H2O and HCl
- heat
(also forms ammonium salt)
25
ester to carboxylate
- NaOH
- reflux
26
acyl chloride to ester
- esterification
- alcohol
27
acyl chloride to carboxylic acid
- hydrolysis
- H2O
28
carboxylic acid to acyl chloride
- SOCl2
- distillation to separate products
29
acyl chloride to primary amide
- conc NH3 solution
30
acyl chloride to secondary amide
- primary amine
