Sypnotic Booklet Flashcards
(387 cards)
1
Q
What assertion is made regarding the role of religion in society?
A
Religion is often the cause of controversy and conflict
This assertion can generate a range of opinions on the role of religion, whether as a force for good or a catalyst for conflict.
2
Q
What historical example is used to illustrate the assertion about religion and conflict?
A
The Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
3
Q
When did the Crusades begin and end?
A
Starting in 1095 and extending into the late 13th century
These wars had a profound impact on both the Christian and Muslim worlds.
4
Q
Who sanctioned the first Crusade?
A
The Pope
Various Christian monarchs later led their own missions during the Crusades.
5
Q
What moral justification did the rhetoric of the Crusades provide to soldiers?
A
The perceived moral authority to commit atrocities
The wars were framed as ‘holy,’ which influenced the actions of the soldiers.
6
Q
What was a key ideological justification for the Crusades from the Christian perspective?
A
The idea of ‘holy war’
This allowed Christians to perceive themselves as carrying out God’s will.
7
Q
What did Muslims believe they were doing during the Crusades?
A
Defending their rightful land and faith
Both sides claimed to be the true custodians of the Holy Land.
8
Q
How did religious ideology affect the potential for diplomatic dialogue during the Crusades?
A
It made it difficult for either side to engage in dialogue or consider peaceful resolutions
Both sides viewed themselves as defenders of their respective gods.
9
Q
What long-term effect did the Crusades have on Christian-Muslim relations?
A
A lasting mistrust between Christians and Muslims
This mistrust sowed seeds for further conflicts extending into the modern era.
10
Q
What duality of religion is highlighted in the conclusion of the essay?
A
Religion can be a force for good or manipulated as a tool to incite conflict and division
Understanding this duality is essential in discussions about the role of religion in society.
11
Q
Fill in the blank: The Crusades serve as a compelling example that substantiates the argument that religion can be a cause of _______.
A
controversy and conflict
12
Q
True or False: The religious nature of the Crusades facilitated easy compromises between the conflicting parties.
A
False
The intertwining of religious principles made resolution nearly impossible.
13
Q
In what way did religious texts contribute to the actions taken during the Crusades?
A
They were used to justify violent acts
This made it easier for individuals to act in morally reprehensible ways.
14
Q
What does the essay suggest about the role of religion in shaping identities during the Crusades?
A
Religion was the lens through which individuals viewed the conflict
This led to intensified divisions and justifications for war.
15
Q
What does the literalist or fundamentalist approach to biblical hermeneutics assert?
A
The Bible is the inerrant and literal word of God.
This perspective often leads to a rigid doctrinal stance and resistance to alternative interpretations.
16
Q
What is a potential controversy arising from a literal reading of Genesis?
A
Issues like the age of the Earth or evolution.
This can lead to conflicts between scientific theories and biblical interpretations.
17
Q
How have some denominations responded to fundamentalist views?
A
Some uphold a fundamentalist view, while others seek to reconcile faith and science.
18
Q
What do historical-critical methods aim to achieve?
A
Understand the original meaning of a text by considering its historical context.
This includes understanding social and cultural norms of ancient Israel.
19
Q
What criticism do historical-critical methods face?
A
They are criticized for potentially undermining the divine inspiration of the Bible.
20
Q
What is the focus of feminist hermeneutics?
A
Examining how biblical texts have been interpreted to perpetuate gender inequality.
21
Q
What impact has feminist hermeneutics had on church practices?
A
Led to increased female leadership and shifts in doctrine.
22
Q
What is a significant challenge posed by feminist hermeneutics in conservative communities?
A
It is seen as a deviation from their understanding of ‘biblical womanhood.’
23
Q
What does the hermeneutic of suspicion encourage?
A
A critical and cautious approach to religious texts, focusing on motivations behind interpretations.
24
Q
What has the hermeneutic of suspicion exposed?
A
Power dynamics within religious communities.
25
What is liberation theology focused on?
Interpreting the Bible in a way that advocates for social justice for marginalized communities.
26
What type of activism has liberation theology influenced?
Movements like civil rights in the U.S. and anti-apartheid activism in South Africa.
27
What is a common reaction of the Church to controversies?
The reaffirmation of traditional beliefs.
28
What does theological development in response to controversy involve?
The Church developing its theology further, such as accepting evolution as a means of creation.
29
How are many progressive religious communities addressing controversies?
Opening dialogues that include diverse voices, such as feminist and LGBTQ+ perspectives.
30
What institutional mechanisms do churches use to address controversies?
Internal bodies like doctrinal committees and external efforts like interfaith dialogues.
31
What role does social activism play in the Church's response to progressive hermeneutics?
Some Church bodies have become more involved in social justice efforts.
32
What is a strategy used by religious groups in the United States to assert their views?
Political lobbying.
33
How are churches engaging with the public regarding controversies?
Using social media and other platforms to address issues directly.
34
What disciplinary action might churches take against those spreading heretical views?
Excommunication.
35
What can result from unresolved controversies within the Church?
Schism, or permanent division within the Church.
36
What is a significant challenge in interpreting ancient texts?
The complexities of interpreting them in a modern context.
37
What is essential for the ongoing development of religious thought?
Dialogue, even if challenging.
38
What is a univocal approach to religious texts?
A univocal approach seeks a singular, authoritative interpretation often viewed as the 'true' meaning of the text.
39
Which groups commonly adopt a univocal approach?
Many fundamentalist or evangelical groups.
40
What is a major advantage of univocal readings?
They offer clarity and unity with little debate about community beliefs.
41
What are some pitfalls of the univocal approach?
* Dogmatism
* Lack of meaningful dialogue
* Alienation of individuals with differing interpretations.
42
What negative historical uses have univocal readings of biblical passages had?
* Justifying the suppression of women
* Endorsing slavery
* Discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals.
43
What does plurivocity recognize in religious texts?
The possibility of multiple, even competing, interpretations.
44
Which communities tend to adopt a plurivocal approach?
Liberal or progressive religious communities.
45
What factors do plurivocal readings take into account?
* Historical context
* Cultural needs
* Psychological factors affecting interpretation.
46
What are the advantages of plurivocal readings?
They open up richer, more nuanced understandings of texts and validate a range of experiences.
47
What is a criticism of plurivocality?
It can lead to moral and doctrinal relativism, undermining the text's authority.
48
What is a potential consequence of everything being open to interpretation in plurivocality?
Risk of identity crisis and internal divisions within the religious community.
49
What is a common controversy regarding sexual ethics in Christian denominations?
Debates around premarital sex, contraception, and LGBTQ+ rights.
50
How do univocal readings affect the ordination of LGBTQ+ ministers?
They often uphold traditional norms, resulting in exclusionary practices.
51
What might a plurivocal approach lead some denominations to do regarding LGBTQ+ rights?
Revise their stances and become more inclusive.
52
What controversy surrounds women in leadership roles within the church?
Whether women should hold leadership roles, as dictated by passages like 1 Timothy 2:12.
53
What does a plurivocal reading consider in the context of women in leadership?
Other biblical examples of strong female leaders and cultural context.
54
What is a dividing line regarding the church's role in social justice issues?
Engagement with poverty, racism, and environmentalism.
55
How do univocal readings typically view social issues?
They may focus solely on individual piety and salvation, sidelining social concerns.
56
What do plurivocal readings argue regarding faith and social issues?
They often support a faith that engages directly with social justice.
57
How do theological churches use controversy?
As an opportunity to clarify or adjust their doctrines.
58
What is a potential outcome of univocal approaches to boundary-setting?
Stricter boundary-setting leading to schisms or excommunications.
59
What is a potential outcome of plurivocal communities in response to controversy?
Striving for internal dialogue and reconciliation.
60
How might a church publicly respond to a controversy based on its hermeneutical stance?
* Univocal churches may issue unequivocal statements
* Plurivocal churches may invite open discussion.
61
What can controversies trigger within religious communities?
A renewed focus on religious education.
62
What is the relationship between univocal and plurivocal readings in church responses?
They create tension that influences how churches address controversies.
63
What is a consistent challenge churches face as society evolves?
Navigating controversies while being true to their sacred texts and responsive to congregational needs.
64
What is one potential misuse of biblical texts like Romans 13?
To justify authoritarian regimes and suppress social orders, including slavery.
## Footnote
Romans 13 was cited in the 18th and 19th centuries to suppress social orders in the United States.
65
How can preaching unquestioning obedience impact individuals?
It can discourage individual autonomy and critical thinking skills.
## Footnote
Both autonomy and critical thinking are essential for personal spiritual growth and societal progress.
66
What approach do some churches take towards controversial biblical texts?
They adopt a more nuanced reading considering historical context and the entire biblical narrative.
## Footnote
This includes acknowledging the tradition of prophets and apostles challenging unjust authorities.
67
What are some social justice initiatives taken by progressive Christian communities?
* Engaging in social activism
* Interpreting texts as contextualizing engagement rather than prohibiting it.
68
What is one way churches respond to controversial texts?
Issuing public statements and position papers articulating their stance on authority and social justice.
69
What is the significance of interpreting texts like Romans 13 and 1 Peter 2?
It has real-world implications for individual Christians and church communities.
70
Complete the sentence: A prophetic church seeks to embody a _______ message.
[counter-cultural]
71
What do prophetic communities often engage in as an essential outworking of their faith?
Social justice initiatives.
72
What kind of governance model do prophetic churches typically adopt?
More democratic models of governance.
73
What is one method some churches use to challenge congregants on issues of power and injustice?
Liturgical innovation incorporating prophetic texts.
74
What can biblical study focused on prophetic literature serve as?
A powerful educational tool to sensitize congregations to issues related to power and justice.
75
What is a potential church response to the critique of power found in prophetic texts?
Theological reappraisal in light of social or political controversies.
76
True or False: Churches that prioritize prophetic texts are more likely to foster a passive congregation.
False
77
What two types of biblical texts are contrasted in their use within church communities?
* Texts encouraging acquiescence to authority
* Prophetic texts critiquing established power structures.
78
What figures are mentioned as examples of those who saw the critique of power as integral to their faith?
* Martin Luther King Jr.
* Dietrich Bonhoeffer
* Oscar Romero.
79
How does a church's interpretation of sacred texts shape its community engagement?
It influences whether the engagement is passive acquiescence or prophetic critique.
80
What is the primary risk associated with charismatic leadership?
The shift of allegiance from the institution or broader faith tradition to the charismatic individual.
## Footnote
This can lead to personal loyalty overshadowing institutional loyalty.
81
What does Matthew 10:34-36 indicate about charismatic leadership?
It acknowledges that charismatic leadership can have a divisive effect.
## Footnote
This passage suggests that Jesus' teachings may create conflict within families.
82
What is an 'us vs. them' mentality in the context of charismatic leadership?
An atmosphere where dissent is discouraged, leading to division among followers.
## Footnote
This can foster exclusivity and polarization within a community.
83
What is a potential consequence of having a charismatic leader in multi-denominational settings?
Polarization, leading to ardent supporters and vocal critics.
## Footnote
This can create rifts within the broader religious landscape.
84
What does Luke 4:13-37 illustrate about charismatic leadership?
Charismatic leadership will often be met with resistance, especially when it challenges established norms.
## Footnote
This passage recounts Jesus being driven out of his hometown.
85
Name a common church response to charismatic leadership risks.
Implementation of strong accountability measures.
## Footnote
This can include advisory boards and oversight committees.
86
Why is theological training important for charismatic leaders?
To minimize the risk of heterodox teachings or practices.
## Footnote
This ensures leaders are grounded in sound theology.
87
What role does community dialogue play in addressing charismatic leadership challenges?
Open community discussions can help address the potentially divisive nature of charismatic leadership.
## Footnote
This promotes transparency and engagement.
88
What is a checks and balances approach in church leadership?
A shared or team-based leadership model to offset risks associated with charismatic individuals.
## Footnote
This can prevent the concentration of power in one leader.
89
True or False: Charismatic leaders can challenge complacency and ignite passion for social justice.
True.
## Footnote
Their compelling qualities can inspire engagement in community issues.
90
What is a key theme regarding controversy in religion?
Controversy can manifest in various forms including doctrinal, ethical, and social issues.
## Footnote
This reflects the complexity of human culture and belief.
91
What does Matthew 11:28-30 advocate for in terms of inclusiveness?
An open invitation from Jesus to all who are weary and burdened to find rest.
## Footnote
This is often cited as a basis for a theology of inclusiveness.
92
Fill in the blank: John 14:1-7 is often cited to justify _______ religious stances.
exclusive
## Footnote
This passage contains the claim that no one comes to the Father except through Jesus.
93
What is one church strategy for addressing biblical controversies?
Dogmatic clarification through official statements or creeds.
## Footnote
This helps clarify the 'correct' interpretation of doctrine.
94
What does the term 'lived exegesis' refer to?
Focusing on how biblical texts are lived out in community life.
## Footnote
This approach can highlight different interpretations based on community context.
95
What is the historical-critical method?
An academic approach to understand the historical context of biblical texts.
## Footnote
This method influences liberal religious traditions.
96
What are liberationist and feminist hermeneutics concerned with?
Reading the Bible through the lens of social justice and gender equality.
## Footnote
These approaches often lead to different emphases and conclusions.
97
True or False: The existence of biblical texts supporting contradictory views reflects the simplicity of human culture.
False.
## Footnote
It actually highlights the complexities of ethics and belief.
98
What is a challenge for religious communities regarding biblical texts?
Engaging with foundational texts in a way that is faithful and relevant to contemporary issues.
## Footnote
This requires balancing various hermeneutical approaches.
99
What is proof-texting?
The practice of citing individual verses to justify a particular viewpoint.
100
How does Isaiah 56 differ from Deuteronomy in terms of inclusivity?
Isaiah 56 represents a move towards a more inclusive religious worldview, while Deuteronomy embodies exclusion.
101
What do Ezra 9:1-10:17 and Nehemiah 13:1-31 advocate for?
Religious and social purity, sometimes leading to the breaking up of intermarried families.
102
What are the two hermeneutical strategies contrasted in the text?
* Literalism
* Contextualism
103
What do conservative traditionalists typically prefer in biblical interpretation?
A more literal reading of the text and older, established interpretations.
104
How do liberal progressives approach biblical texts?
They interpret texts contextually, considering the socio-cultural milieu in which the text was produced.
105
What is the difference between resolution and dialogue in responses to intra-textuality?
* Resolution seeks a unified reading
* Dialogue holds texts in tension
106
What are church responses to controversies according to the text?
* Official statements and creeds
* Encouraging open dialogue
* The role of leadership
* Community practices
107
What is the challenge faced by churches regarding biblical interpretation?
Navigating the balance between doctrinal integrity and communal unity.
108
What contemporary issue is highlighted in relation to the role of women?
Divergent interpretations of foundational texts concerning gender roles.
109
Which biblical passages present conflicting views on women's roles in leadership?
* Judges 4:4-23
* 1st Timothy 2:11-15
110
What do conservative branches of Christianity tend to adopt in their interpretation?
A literalist/fundamentalist approach.
111
What is the historical-critical method?
A method that examines the socio-cultural context of original texts for interpretation.
112
What do liberationist and feminist readings focus on?
Social justice and equality.
113
What is the traditionalist approach of some churches?
To preserve perceived original teachings of the Bible.
114
What is progressive adaptation in church teachings?
Adapting teachings to evolving social norms, such as ordaining women.
115
What do some church communities rely on to resolve tensions in biblical interpretation?
Authoritative interpretation from a central authority.
116
What defines democratic engagement in churches?
Allowing room for debate and discussion within the congregation.
117
What is the difference between social activism and escapism in church approaches?
* Social activism engages with social issues
* Escapism avoids engagement with societal norms
118
What complex issues do churches navigate according to the text?
Tradition vs. change, unity vs. diversity, and faith vs. reason.
119
What does the text suggest about the evolution of church responses to controversies?
The church continually negotiates its position to remain relevant and responsive.
120
What is the phenomenon of controversy in religion?
It permeates multiple faiths and belief systems, addressing similar themes and ethical questions across different religions.
121
How do texts in different religions address women's roles?
They mention qualities of women, their roles in family life, and their value as individuals, interpreted variably by Islamic feminists and conservative elements.
122
What is the role of the Bhagavad Gita in Hinduism regarding warfare?
It discusses Dharma and righteous warfare, advising detachment in action and raising ethical implications of war.
123
What does the Bhagavad Gita teach about detached action?
It advises performing duties without attachment to results, similar to Christian teachings on humility and service.
124
What is the distinction between institutional authority and individual interpretation in Christianity and Islam?
Christianity has authoritative interpretations from institutions like the Catholic Church, while Hinduism leans more on individual interpretation.
125
What is the significance of interfaith dialogue in addressing religious controversies?
It fosters mutual understanding and offers broader perspectives on resolving ethical dilemmas.
126
What challenges arise from the relationship between religion and secular society?
Tensions stem from differing sources of moral authority and interpretation between religious and secular ethics.
127
What is the role of the Catholic Magisterium?
It serves as the teaching authority of the Church, interpreting Scriptures and producing documents to guide moral stances.
128
What do encyclicals like 'Rerum Novarum' and 'Laudato Si' exemplify?
They demonstrate how the Church's interpretation of morality can evolve to address contemporary issues.
129
What are some contentious issues addressed by the Catholic Magisterium?
Contraception, social justice, and environmental issues can spark debates within the Church and criticism from secular society.
130
How do religious and secular moralities intersect?
Shared concepts like justice, compassion, and equality often resonate in both religious teachings and secular ethical theories.
131
What is the nature of the tension between religious and secular views on morality?
It is a creative tension that can drive societies to clarify their values and principles.
132
What is a significant societal stress point related to moral conflicts?
Conflicts over marriage equality, reproductive rights, or end-of-life care can produce significant societal stress.
133
What is a key challenge in balancing religious and secular moral frameworks?
Respecting individual freedoms and social justice while allowing for ethical contributions of religious traditions.
134
What influences one's moral conclusions in the context of religion and secular society?
The weight placed on divine revelation versus human reason significantly influences moral conclusions.
135
What are some topics discussed by various religious denominations regarding social justice?
Topics include:
* Labor rights
* War
* Environment
* Poverty alleviation
## Footnote
These topics highlight the moral guidance religious institutions aim to provide for society.
136
What ethical lapses have religious institutions historically supported?
Ethical lapses include:
* Racism and Ethnocentrism
* Ethnic Cleansing
## Footnote
These lapses demonstrate the moral failures of religious institutions throughout history.
137
How have New Testament passages been historically used regarding slavery?
Passages like 1 Peter 2:18-22 and 1 Timothy 6:1-5 have been used to justify obedience of slaves to masters.
## Footnote
These texts were weaponized by proponents of slavery in the 18th and 19th centuries.
138
What is the 'Curse of Ham' and how was it interpreted?
'Curse of Ham' has been interpreted to support racial segregation.
## Footnote
This interpretation reflects a misuse of scripture to justify discrimination.
139
Which Old Testament texts have been used to justify 'holy wars'?
Texts include:
* Numbers 33:50-56
* Deuteronomy 9:1-6
## Footnote
These passages describe God commanding the Israelites to drive out inhabitants of Canaan.
140
What is hermeneutics in the context of religious traditions?
Hermeneutics is the act of interpreting ancient religious texts.
## Footnote
Different frameworks can yield vastly different understandings of the same text.
141
What challenges do religious institutions face regarding moral authority?
Challenges include:
* Upholding tradition
* Adapting to changing moral landscapes
## Footnote
This tension is evident in debates about LGBTQ+ rights and gender equality.
142
What is a 'hermeneutic of suspicion'?
A 'hermeneutic of suspicion' critiques and reinterprets texts to align with contemporary understandings of justice and equality.
## Footnote
This approach helps address patriarchal interpretations in ancient texts.
143
What are some modern ethical considerations regarding ancient punitive measures?
Modern considerations emphasize:
* Rehabilitation
* Restorative justice
## Footnote
Applying ancient measures could contradict ethical advancements in society.
144
What is the traditional religious view on same-sex relationships?
The view has often been restrictive, based on ancient texts.
## Footnote
Acknowledgment is growing that these texts were written in cultures lacking nuanced understandings of sexuality.
145
How should ancient religious texts be approached in modern ethical debates?
They should be approached with:
* Nuanced understanding of historical context
* Cultural context
* Scientific context
## Footnote
This ensures that interpretations do not perpetuate harm under the guise of tradition.
146
What is the role of religious institutions in shaping moral thought?
Religious institutions serve as:
* Sources of ethical insight
* Moral guidance
## Footnote
Their role is complex, marked by contributions and moral failures.
147
True or False: The church has consistently upheld moral authority without fail.
False
## Footnote
The church has a history of both moral contributions and failures.
148
Fill in the blank: The ethical deliberations in pluralistic societies become complex due to __________.
[multiple religious traditions interacting with secular humanism].
## Footnote
This complexity arises from the diverse moral claims made by various traditions.
149
What is the significance of engaging ancient texts responsibly?
Engaging responsibly allows for a dynamic conversation between the ancient and the modern.
## Footnote
This seeks a morality that is rooted in tradition yet relevant to contemporary society.
150
What does the historical-critical method seek to understand?
It seeks to understand a text within its original historical and cultural context.
151
What is the assumption behind the historical-critical method?
It assumes that the religious text was shaped by human hands and reflects the historical circumstances of its composition.
152
What do proponents of the historical-critical method argue about biblical stances?
They argue that certain biblical stances were conditioned by cultural factors that are no longer applicable today.
153
What is emphasized in a liberationist hermeneutic?
Readings that emphasize justice, liberation, and equality.
154
Which passages might be focused on in a liberationist hermeneutic?
Matthew 9:9-13 or 21:31-32.
155
What does the feminist hermeneutic aim to recover?
The voices and experiences of women that are often marginalized or silenced.
156
What is the goal of those who adopt a feminist hermeneutic?
To critique, reclaim, or reinterpret texts that justify the subordination of women.
157
What does the reader-response hermeneutic emphasize?
The role of the reader in interpreting the text.
158
What is the hermeneutic of suspicion focused on?
Interrogating texts to uncover underlying ideologies or power structures.
159
Who coined the term 'hermeneutic of suspicion'?
Paul Ricoeur.
160
What is often the outcome of employing multiple hermeneutical approaches?
It leads to a plethora of moral positions within religious communities.
161
What is crucial for internal dialogues within religious communities?
Understanding the complexity of differing hermeneutical methods.
162
What does the principle of the sanctity of life hold?
Life is inherently valuable and deserving of protection.
163
Which commandment is often cited in the pro-life/pro-choice discussion?
Deuteronomy 5:17.
164
What does Psalm 139:13-16 describe?
How God knit the individual together in their mother's womb.
165
What is a common argument from the pro-life perspective regarding abortion?
That life begins at conception, making abortion akin to murder.
166
What challenges arise from applying ancient texts to modern ethical questions?
The historical, cultural, and scientific contexts differ significantly.
167
What do pro-choice advocates argue regarding biblical texts?
They must be read in their broader thematic context, including justice and personal freedom.
168
What ethical complexities complicate a strict pro-life stance?
Cases involving rape, incest, or danger to the mother's life.
169
What approach do many religious communities take regarding abortion?
They allow for exceptions in certain cases while affirming the sanctity of life.
170
What broader themes must be considered beyond the sanctity of life?
Themes of justice, mercy, and personal circumstances.
171
What do diverse religious perspectives remind us of in the abortion debate?
That religious texts do not offer simple answers to complex ethical questions.
172
What role do ancient texts play in contemporary debates like pro-life/pro-choice?
They serve as a starting point for dialogue and pastoral care.
173
Fill in the blank: The _______ of life is a compelling moral principle in religious traditions.
sanctity
174
What does moral absolutism assert regarding killing?
It opposes any form of deliberate killing
## Footnote
The Judeo-Christian commandment 'You shall not murder' serves as an ethical pillar supporting this view.
175
What is a critique of moral absolutism?
It can be problematic in complex issues involving suffering, autonomy, and medical advancements
## Footnote
Cases like terminal illnesses challenge the rigid ethical landscape of moral absolutism.
176
What does moral relativism allow in ethical decision-making?
It allows decisions to be tailored to specific cultural contexts or individual circumstances
## Footnote
This adaptability can lead to outcomes more aligned with individual experiences.
177
What is a critique of moral relativism?
It can lead to an 'anything goes' mentality, making universal ethical guidelines challenging
## Footnote
It also struggles with the notion of moral progress.
178
In the debate about assisted dying, what do moral absolutism and relativism raise questions about?
The sanctity of life versus individual autonomy and the alleviation of suffering
## Footnote
Both positions address whether ethical norms can adapt to exceptional circumstances.
179
What is the ethical stance of those who absolutly condemn violence?
They view all violence as inherently immoral
## Footnote
This view is often supported by religious traditions that hold life as sacred.
180
What is a critique of absolute nonviolence?
It can inadvertently perpetuate injustice by failing to oppose oppressive systems
## Footnote
Critics argue it is morally indefensible in the face of genocides and slavery.
181
What is the 'Just War' concept in the Christian tradition?
It delineates when violence might be morally justified
## Footnote
This concept is part of a broader ethical discussion about the conditional legitimacy of violence.
182
What historical examples support the conditional legitimacy of violence?
Resistance movements against the Nazis and Third World liberation movements
## Footnote
These movements illustrate the use of violence as a last resort against oppression.
183
What do scriptural examples in the Bible illustrate regarding violence?
They both support and challenge the legitimacy of violent resistance
## Footnote
Examples include Judges 4 and 5, and Revelation 18.
184
What is the moral stance on violence in situations of oppression and invasion?
It is a complex issue that requires cautious endorsement of violence as a last resort
## Footnote
Ongoing efforts should focus on peaceful solutions to address root causes of oppression.
185
What does the tension between moral absolutism and relativism reflect?
Broader debates about the universality of moral truths versus cultural and individual complexities
## Footnote
This tension is especially evident in ethically complex issues like assisted dying.
186
What is the hermeneutical process?
The interpretation of religious texts.
187
What is the moral mandate for reconciliation?
To promote reconciliation, justice, and peace over calls for the destruction of enemies.
188
What do interfaith and intrafaith dialogues aim to achieve?
To overcome ancient and contemporary divisions.
189
How does historical context impact the role of religion in fostering reconciliation?
It deeply impacts the perspectives of religious communities and their texts.
190
What is the significance of understanding 'Sitz im Leben'?
It is crucial for interpreting texts but should not limit their applicability in contemporary settings.
191
What ethical dilemmas do religious communities face regarding power?
How to exercise power ethically and justly, especially when their sacred texts encourage domination.
192
What is the ideal approach to justice in the context of reconciliation?
To aim for restorative justice rather than retributive justice.
193
What does the Exodus narrative primarily focus on?
Liberation through confrontation rather than reconciliation.
194
What is a significant theological implication of the Exodus narrative?
It suggests that the liberation of one group may come at the cost of another's suffering.
195
How can biblical texts provide resources for fostering reconciliation?
By offering teachings that stress reconciliation alongside liberation.
196
Fill in the blank: The transition from __________ to __________ is a complex process that requires careful interpretation of sacred texts.
oppressed, oppressor
197
True or False: The Exodus narrative offers a straightforward model for reconciliation.
False.
198
What does the term 'reader-response' refer to in hermeneutical strategies?
A method of interpretation that considers the reader's perspective.
199
What role do counter-narratives play in biblical texts?
They offer alternative perspectives that complement confrontational narratives.
200
What is the primary focus of the book of Isaiah regarding oppression?
The transition from oppressed to oppressor.
201
What does the ethical framework for reconciliation aim to achieve?
To address the complexity of transitioning from oppression to power while promoting healing.
202
List some biblical passages that address themes of reconciliation.
* Isaiah 19:18-25
* Amos 9:7-15
203
What is the approach of Elisha in his ministry compared to Elijah?
Elisha demonstrates a more reconciliatory approach, focusing on healing rather than confrontation.
## Footnote
Example: Elisha heals Naaman, a Syrian military commander, as described in 2 Kings 5.
204
How is reconciliation with God framed in Western Christianity?
It is predominantly framed through the lens of sin and guilt, emphasizing moral responsibility and the need for reconciliation through Jesus Christ.
205
What does 2 Corinthians 5:16-21 say about reconciliation?
It articulates the ministry of reconciliation, tasked with reconciling the world to God, extending beyond individual moral standing to societal transformation.
206
What cosmic scope does Colossians 1:15-20 attribute to Christ's work?
It aims to reconcile all things, whether on earth or in heaven, through Christ's sacrifice.
207
What does the transition from Elijah to Elisha illustrate about religious traditions?
It illustrates the possibility for religious traditions to adapt and incorporate more inclusive attitudes.
208
What are the implications of a holistic understanding of reconciliation in Western Christianity?
It challenges faith communities to engage in social justice and environmental stewardship as integral to their understanding of reconciliation.
209
What is the significance of relational harmony in the concept of reconciliation?
Reconciliation should aim for a harmonious existence at multiple levels: individual, societal, and cosmic.
210
What is Liberation Theology?
A theological perspective that posits reconciliation cannot occur without addressing systemic injustices, emerging primarily from Latin America.
211
What does 'structural sin' mean in the context of Liberation Theology?
It refers to systems that perpetuate inequality and suffering, broadening the traditional Christian concept of reconciliation.
212
How does Liberation Theology view true reconciliation in relation to exploitation?
True reconciliation must involve confronting economic systems that exploit the vulnerable and empowering the marginalized.
213
What critique does Liberation Theology make about consumerism?
It critiques consumerism as a form of structural sin that prevents true reconciliation and advocates for values prioritizing communal well-being.
214
How does Liberation Theology relate to ecological degradation?
It expands its focus to include ecological degradation as a form of structural sin, emphasizing a harmonious relationship with the Earth.
215
What is the role of the church according to Liberation Theology?
The church should be an active agent in societal change, fostering social transformation rather than just individual salvation.
216
What critiques does Liberation Theology face?
It has been critiqued for its socio-political focus and for potentially aligning too closely with specific political ideologies.
217
How does Liberation Theology redefine sin and reconciliation?
It redefines them in structural terms, challenging institutions and society to pursue justice as integral to peace-making.
218
Fill in the blank: The Bible presents a range of approaches to reconciliation, from confrontational narratives involving ______ to healing stories associated with ______.
Elijah; Elisha
219
What is the Stewardship Mandate in Psalm 8 about?
It emphasizes humanity's role as guardians of creation under God's sovereignty, promoting care and wisdom rather than despotic dominion.
## Footnote
The psalm invites humans to relate to the earth as custodians, safeguarding rather than conquering.
220
What does Isaiah 11:6-9 portray regarding reconciliation?
It presents a vision of peace and coexistence, where the knowledge of God leads to harmony in creation, urging proactive engagement in ecological redemption.
## Footnote
The passage calls for actions that promote peace and life-affirming behaviors in the present.
221
What are the key components of the biblical imperative for the care of the earth?
Reverence, responsibility, and restoration.
## Footnote
It reflects a divine trust and an ethic of respect and renewal.
222
How does British theological reflection relate to the care of the earth?
It resonates with a cultural affinity for rural and natural heritage, emphasizing collective responsibility for the land's well-being.
## Footnote
This historical context aligns with the view of land as a common treasury.
223
What is the significance of the dialogue between humanity and the natural world in the Bible?
It suggests a profound relationality that is both covenantal and communal, emphasizing sustainability and spiritual reawakening.
## Footnote
The relationship is characterized by a balance between dominion and wonder.
224
True or False: The biblical theme of reconciliation with nature promotes passivity until the eschaton.
False.
## Footnote
It insists on active engagement in ecological redemption.
225
Fill in the blank: Gandhi's non-violent resistance is rooted in the principle of _______.
ahimsa.
## Footnote
Ahimsa is derived from Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist traditions.
226
What was a controversial aspect of Gandhi's approach to religion?
His incorporation of elements from multiple religions, which conflicted with orthodox authorities.
## Footnote
Some minority communities felt their identities were subsumed.
227
Identify a key figure who disagreed with Gandhi's non-violent strategy.
Subhash Chandra Bose.
## Footnote
Bose and others believed that non-violence would not secure India's independence.
228
What did Gandhi's notion of 'Sarva Dharma Sambhava' represent?
Equal respect for all religions.
## Footnote
This concept facilitated interfaith dialogue and inclusion in his movements.
229
How did Gandhi's methods impact his supporters?
They unified many but also led to ideological divisions.
## Footnote
Sarojini Naidu expressed support for Gandhi's movement while having reservations about his methods.
230
What is a notable aspect of Gandhi's global influence?
His methods inspired figures like Martin Luther King Jr. in the struggle for civil rights in America.
## Footnote
This demonstrates the reconciliatory power of his philosophy beyond cultural boundaries.
231
What is the relationship between Gandhi's philosophy and the themes of controversy and reconciliation?
His philosophy illustrates how elements of religion, resistance, and non-violence can both divide and unify.
## Footnote
Gandhi's life exemplifies the complexities of human struggle and coexistence.
232
Complete the quote by Gandhi: 'You must be the change you wish to see in ______.'
the world.
233
What was Martin Luther King Jr.'s approach to achieving racial equality?
Non-violent civil disobedience rooted in Christian beliefs and inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy
## Footnote
King believed in achieving racial equality through peaceful means, viewing it as a divine calling.
234
How did Malcolm X's philosophy differ from Martin Luther King Jr.'s?
Malcolm X was more militant and confrontational, advocating for racial separatism
## Footnote
He viewed the white man as the devil and believed true equality was unattainable through integration.
235
What did Martin Luther King Jr. emphasize in his 'I Have a Dream' speech?
The importance of creative protest without physical violence
## Footnote
King urged that protests should not degenerate into violence.
236
What ideological shift did Malcolm X undergo after his pilgrimage to Mecca?
He distanced himself from the radical stances of the Nation of Islam and embraced Sunni Islam
## Footnote
Malcolm X began to acknowledge that racial harmony was possible.
237
What realization did Martin Luther King Jr. have after the Birmingham campaign?
He recognized the importance of economic factors in racial inequality
## Footnote
King began to focus on broader systemic issues beyond non-violence.
238
What are the contrasting visions of King and Malcolm X often summarized as?
Martin's Dream vs Malcolm's Nightmare
## Footnote
This encapsulates their differing approaches to the civil rights movement.
239
What themes are exemplified by the dichotomy between Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X?
Controversy, division, and reconciliation
## Footnote
Their contrasting methods highlight the complexities of the civil rights movement.
240
Who is Oscar Romero and what themes does he represent?
Archbishop of San Salvador representing controversy, division, and reconciliation
## Footnote
Known as the 'Voice of the Voiceless,' his life highlights the interplay between religious conviction and social justice.
241
What significant shift did Oscar Romero undergo in his beliefs?
He turned towards Liberation Theology, focusing on the liberation of the oppressed
## Footnote
This shift was controversial and marked a pivotal turn in Latin American Catholicism.
242
What was the response of the Salvadoran elite to Romero's calls for justice?
They viewed him as a divisive figure promoting 'class warfare'
## Footnote
Romero's calls for soldiers to disobey orders that violate human rights were particularly controversial.
243
What did Oscar Romero aim for despite causing divisions?
The reconciliation of a fractured Salvadoran society
## Footnote
He emphasized the teachings of Jesus Christ as a path towards unity.
244
What did Jon Sobrino argue about Romero's legacy?
He viewed Romero as a 'martyr for liberation' in the context of Liberation Theology
## Footnote
Sobrino's perspective highlights the significance of Romero's stand for social justice.
245
What was the significance of Oscar Romero's beatification in 2015?
It was seen as a form of reconciliation within the Church
## Footnote
It vindicated Romero's emphasis on social justice and standing up for the oppressed.
246
What does Romero's life and teachings illustrate about the relationship between religious conviction and social realities?
The complex interplay between these two aspects
## Footnote
His legacy amplifies the ongoing influence of faith in social justice movements.
247
What was Dietrich Bonhoeffer's stance on the Church's responsibility during the Nazi regime?
The moral responsibility of the Church and its leaders to oppose Hitler in action, not just in spirit.
## Footnote
Bonhoeffer believed that passive resistance was insufficient in the face of evil.
248
What concept did Bonhoeffer differentiate between that relates to grace?
'Cheap grace' and 'costly grace'.
## Footnote
This distinction set an ethical foundation in opposition to Hitler's dictatorship.
249
What significant religious division did Bonhoeffer's involvement in the Confessing Church represent?
A division between the Confessing Church and the German Christians.
## Footnote
This division was marked by a rejection of Church subordination to state control.
250
What was the Barmen Declaration?
A document that rejected the subordination of the Church to the state.
## Footnote
Bonhoeffer and his colleagues played a key role in its creation.
251
What did historian Doris L Bergen say about the Confessing Church?
It was a critical spiritual and social space resisting Nazi totalitarianism but was deeply flawed and divided.
## Footnote
Some, like Bonhoeffer, felt it did not go far enough.
252
What was Bonhoeffer's broader theological aim beyond division?
Reconciliation among Christian denominations and the suffering world.
## Footnote
His participation in the ecumenical movement reflects this aim.
253
Which church significantly influenced Bonhoeffer during his time in New York?
The American Black Church.
## Footnote
This experience expanded his understanding of the Church in the world.
254
What aspect of Bonhoeffer's theology aligns closely with liberation theology?
His theology of 'costly grace' and 'religionless Christianity'.
## Footnote
These concepts emphasize Christian action in pursuit of social justice.
255
What extreme action did Bonhoeffer consider in his opposition to Hitler?
Conspiring to kill Hitler.
## Footnote
This reflects the ethical dilemmas he faced in his commitment to justice.
256
What themes does Pope Francis's papacy explore?
Controversy, division, and reconciliation.
## Footnote
His leadership contrasts with more conservative elements within the Church.
257
What was a notable controversial statement made by Pope Francis?
'Who am I to judge?' regarding homosexuals.
## Footnote
This remark challenged traditional views within the Church.
258
What is the title of Pope Francis's encyclical that focuses on the environment and social justice?
'Laudato Si'.
## Footnote
This encyclical has sparked significant debate within Catholicism.
259
What division has emerged during Pope Francis's papacy?
Between traditionalists and reformists within the Church.
## Footnote
This division reflects differing views on inclusivity and social justice.
260
What does Pope Francis advocate for in his vision for the Church?
Reconciliation and healing of social, spiritual, and physical wounds.
## Footnote
He aims for a more merciful and less judgmental institution.
261
What significant document did Pope Francis co-sign with Ahmed el-Tayeb?
A document on human fraternity.
## Footnote
This document marked a monumental step towards interfaith reconciliation.
262
What did Cardinal Michael Czerny say about Pope Francis's view on unity?
He encourages a reconciliation that brings about a genuinely new and more vital Christian witness.
## Footnote
This highlights the depth of his call for unity.
263
What is the overarching goal of Pope Francis's papacy?
To pursue reconciliation among Catholics and between religions.
## Footnote
His mission seeks to address the fractures of a world in crisis.
264
What does Leonardo Boff say about Pope Francis's approach to the Church?
He is trying to move the Church closer to the streets and away from the 'sacristy'.
## Footnote
This reflects Francis's desire for a Church that actively engages with societal issues.
265
Who represented a new moral vision in British life according to Professor David Bebbington?
William Wilberforce
## Footnote
Bebbington emphasizes the significance of individual worth over imperial wealth.
266
What was the main division among evangelicals during Wilberforce's time?
Support for the slave trade versus focus on spiritual salvation
## Footnote
This division highlighted varying priorities within evangelical circles.
267
What did John Wesley say about Wilberforce on his deathbed?
He stated that if God is for you, who can be against you
## Footnote
This reflects Wesley's support for Wilberforce's mission.
268
Who opposed Wilberforce's campaigns, seeing them as potentially destructive?
Reverend Isaac Nelson
## Footnote
Nelson's opposition illustrates the tension within evangelicalism.
269
What legacy did Wilberforce leave concerning moral consciousness?
A legacy anchored in Christian ethics valuing human dignity over economic interests
## Footnote
His work set the stage for the eventual emancipation of slaves.
270
According to Mark Noll, what was significant about Wilberforce's legacy?
Reconciling evangelical Christianity with broader public morality
## Footnote
Noll highlights the importance of active Christian engagement in societal issues.
271
What does historian Brian Stanley suggest is Wilberforce's most enduring legacy?
The moral vision he helped to propagate
## Footnote
Stanley emphasizes the influence of Wilberforce's ideas beyond legislative acts.
272
What has been a historical issue regarding women's roles in the church?
Marginalization and exclusion from clergy and leadership positions
## Footnote
This issue has led to significant debates within religious communities.
273
What does the New Testament illustrate regarding women's roles in the church?
Some passages support women's leadership while others restrict it
## Footnote
This duality has fueled ongoing controversies.
274
What was the outcome of the Church of England's 1992 vote?
The ordination of women as priests
## Footnote
This decision caused significant division within the Anglican Communion.
275
What did Pope John Paul II state in 'Ordinatio Sacerdotalis' regarding women in the priesthood?
The church has no authority to ordain women
## Footnote
This statement remains a point of contention within the Catholic Church.
276
What model for reconciliation does Dr. Elaine Storkey advocate?
'Mutuality' prioritizing mutual respect and shared ministry
## Footnote
Storkey draws on Jesus' inclusive practices to support her argument.
277
What does the term 'two-tier system' refer to in the context of women's roles in the church?
A system where women can technically serve but face practical restrictions
## Footnote
This reflects ongoing inequalities even where formal acceptance exists.
278
What does Reverend Dr. Sharon Prentis suggest is needed for true reconciliation regarding women's roles in the church?
Deep, sustained engagement with faith teachings and women's lived experiences
## Footnote
Prentis emphasizes the importance of dialogue in addressing these issues.
279
What ongoing challenge does society face regarding gender equality and social justice?
Reconciling various factions within the church on women's roles
## Footnote
This reflects broader societal struggles with equality.
280
Fill in the blank: The role of women in the church presents a complex tapestry interwoven with threads of ______.
controversy, division, attempted reconciliation
## Footnote
This highlights the multifaceted nature of the issue.
281
What is the privileged position of the Church of England?
It leads to other religious traditions feeling marginalised, raising controversy about special status in a pluralistic society.
## Footnote
This raises questions about the role of established religions in modern societies.
282
What is the Dissenting Tradition?
A reaction to the establishment that causes divisions within religious communities and between church and state.
## Footnote
It emerged in the 17th century with Puritans challenging the Anglican Church.
283
Who noted the Puritans' desire for greater purity of worship?
Historian Eamon Duffy.
## Footnote
He emphasized the confrontational stance of the Puritans leading to severe divisions.
284
What did the Penal Laws in 17th and 18th century Ireland represent?
State-sanctioned religious persecution, primarily against Catholics and other non-Anglican Christians.
## Footnote
These laws stripped Catholics of civil rights and religious practices.
285
What significant event began the reconciliation process in Ireland?
Catholic Emancipation in 1829.
## Footnote
This was a pivotal step towards addressing the long-standing issues of religious persecution.
286
What do Faith-based Initiatives in the United States represent?
A way for religious organisations to engage with social services, raising controversy over church-state separation.
## Footnote
This reflects ongoing debates about the role of religion in public life.
287
What is 'laicité'?
A strict form of secularism adopted by countries like France.
## Footnote
It emphasizes the separation between church and state.
288
What themes are deeply woven into church-state relations?
Controversy, division, and reconciliation.
## Footnote
These themes highlight the complexities of religious and secular authority.
289
What did Dr. Rowan Williams say about church and state boundaries?
We are continually negotiating the boundaries between religious and secular authority.
## Footnote
This negotiation is essential for a mature and balanced society.
290
How has the clergy's role in Irish society been described?
Both inspirational and controversial, fostering community spirit while deepening divisions.
## Footnote
This dual role reflects broader themes of controversy, division, and reconciliation.
291
What has been one controversial aspect of clerical influence in education?
The Church's role as a moral authority deciding educational content.
## Footnote
This led to ongoing social controversies regarding issues like contraception and divorce.
292
What were The Troubles in Northern Ireland?
A period of violent struggle marked by religious and political divisions between Protestant and Catholic identities.
## Footnote
These identities often justified or exacerbated conflict.
293
Who was Reverend Ian Paisley?
A controversial figure who blurred the lines between political and religious roles during The Troubles.
## Footnote
His actions highlighted the deep political implications of religious identities.
294
What role did Father Alec Reid play in peacebuilding?
He acted as a mediator between the IRA and the British government.
## Footnote
This required enormous personal risks for the sake of reconciliation.
295
What is the Corrymeela Community?
A Christian group in Northern Ireland dedicated to reconciliation between divided communities.
## Footnote
They facilitate dialogue in a spirit of openness and humility.
296
What has eroded public trust in the clergy in the Republic of Ireland?
Scandals like clerical abuse and the Magdalene Laundries.
## Footnote
These events have led to a rift between the Church and a secularising public.
297
What significant social changes have occurred in the Republic of Ireland?
Legalisation of same-sex marriage and abortion.
## Footnote
These changes reflect a growing secularisation and a shift away from religious influence.
298
What did journalist Fintan O'Toole say about the Church's authority?
The Church lost not just its moral authority but its social relevance.
## Footnote
This statement highlights the declining influence of the Church in contemporary society.
299
What was the significance of Pope Francis's 2018 visit to Ireland?
It symbolized a Church attempting to adapt to new realities amidst calls for reform.
## Footnote
It sparked debates about the clergy's evolving role in society.
300
How does historian Diarmaid Ferriter describe the influence of the clergy in Ireland?
As a mirror reflecting the nation's struggles with its identity, history, and future.
## Footnote
This illustrates the intricate connection between religion and societal issues.
301
What challenge do religious institutions face in an increasingly secular society?
Remaining relevant while navigating themes of controversy, division, and reconciliation.
## Footnote
This ongoing challenge is critical for the future of religious leadership in society.
302
What critical point of division occurred in 1948?
The declaration of the State of Israel
## Footnote
This event marked the beginning of the Arab-Israeli war and the displacement of Palestinian communities.
303
What did Benny Morris note about the outcome of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war?
The war left two peoples divided by armistice lines, but not by any sense of mutual acceptance or shared narrative.
304
What were the Oslo Accords, and what was their impact?
Attempts at reconciliation in the 1990s that met with limited success, exposing the asymmetry in the relationship between parties.
305
How did Edward Said characterize the Oslo Accords?
A one-sided agreement that imposed Israeli security priorities over Palestinian rights.
306
What religious dimensions complicate the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?
Both Jewish and Muslim traditions cite sacred texts to justify claims to the land.
307
What did Yehoshua Porath say about religion's role in the conflict?
Religion adds an inflammable layer to an already complicated geopolitical situation.
308
What controversial role has the United States played in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?
Often accused of maintaining a pro-Israel stance, influenced by strategic interests.
309
What is the viability of a two-state solution according to Amos Oz?
It may be a fantasy, but it's the least damaging option.
310
What ongoing themes are present in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?
Controversy, division, and reconciliation.
311
What did John Whyte say about the problem in Northern Ireland?
The problem is not to find a solution but to choose the least bad among a number of unsatisfactory alternatives.
312
What characterized the 'Troubles' in Northern Ireland?
A conflict over the constitutional status of Northern Ireland, intertwined with religious dimensions.
313
What did Richard English note about the nature of the Troubles?
A clash inside one cultural tradition, rather than a battle between two world religions.
314
What physical representation exists of the divisions in Northern Ireland?
Peace walls separating Catholic and Protestant neighborhoods.
315
What was the significance of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement?
A watershed moment for political moderation and conciliation in Northern Ireland.
316
What role does media play in sectarianism?
Media can reinforce existing prejudices and present controversies through a sectarian lens.
317
What efforts have been made towards reconciliation in Northern Ireland?
Shared education programs and interfaith dialogues.
318
Fill in the blank: The themes of ______, division, and reconciliation are prevalent in both the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Northern Ireland.
controversy
319
True or False: The Good Friday Agreement eliminated all social divisions in Northern Ireland.
False
320
What is the implication of sectarianism in regions beyond Northern Ireland?
Sectarianism is a global issue, seen in conflicts like the Sunni-Shia divide and Hindu-Muslim conflicts.
321
What did David Miller argue about the media's impact on society?
Media can be both a mirror to society and a maker of it.
322
What does the Israeli-Palestinian conflict illustrate about reconciliation?
It requires mutual recognition of humanity and rights, beyond political arrangements.
323
What does ISIS represent in terms of Islamic sectarianism?
A radical form of Sunni Islam that exhibits sectarianism, particularly against Shia Muslims, Yazidis, and Christians.
## Footnote
ISIS categorizes these groups as 'infidels' worthy of death or enslavement.
324
How does ISIS's apocalyptic perspective influence its ideology?
It frames the world as a final battle between good and evil, serving as a recruitment tool and rationalizing violence.
## Footnote
Experts note that ISIS views its struggle not just as military but as a cosmic war.
325
What is the stance of ISIS regarding reconciliation?
Reconciliation is virtually impossible as ISIS demands submission to its interpretation of Islamic law.
## Footnote
Their concept of 'peace' involves total domination of their form of Islam.
326
What global implications has ISIS had on the Middle East and beyond?
It has destabilized the Middle East and inspired global terror attacks, creating divisions between Muslim communities and the rest of the world.
## Footnote
ISIS is described as an organism that spreads its ideology like a virus.
327
What does the Marxist critique of religion suggest about its role in society?
Religion serves the interests of the ruling class, functioning as an 'opiate' for the masses.
## Footnote
Marx's assertion is that religion keeps the working class passive and resigned.
328
According to Marx, how does religion perpetuate class division?
It justifies social inequalities and serves as a tool for spiritual oppression.
## Footnote
Lenin echoed this view, suggesting that religion weighs heavily on the oppressed masses.
329
What is Liberation Theology?
An attempt to merge Marxist social critique with religious perspectives, particularly in Latin America.
## Footnote
Gustavo Gutiérrez is a notable figure in this movement.
330
What modern relevance does the Marxist critique of religion hold?
It prompts a need for engaging with religion to bring about social change, rather than merely interpreting the world.
## Footnote
Slavoj Žižek suggests reversing Marx's thesis to focus on changing the world.
331
What criticisms exist against the Marxist perspective on religion?
It oversimplifies religion's role and fails to account for its contributions to social justice.
## Footnote
Charles Taylor argues that social change often comes from religious communities at the periphery.
332
What themes does the Marxist critique of religion touch upon?
Controversy, division, and the potential for reconciliation.
## Footnote
The critique examines the interface of religion, power, and class.
333
True or False: ISIS allows for compromise in its ideology.
False.
## Footnote
ISIS's ideology is rigid, rejecting any form of compromise.
334
Who were critical of organised religion and its interference in governance and science?
Voltaire and David Hume
## Footnote
Voltaire famously quipped, 'Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities.'
335
What lasting impact did the Enlightenment create regarding faith and governance?
The division between the realms of faith and governance
## Footnote
Philosophers like John Locke advocated for the separation of church and state.
336
What did John Locke argue about the care of souls?
It cannot belong to the civil magistrate
## Footnote
Locke believed true and saving religion consists in the inward persuasion of the mind.
337
What principle did the Enlightenment promote regarding religion?
Secularism
## Footnote
This idea advocates that religion should be a matter of personal belief and should not interfere with civil law.
338
How did Immanuel Kant view the relationship between faith and reason?
They could coexist as long as faith remained a personal moral guide
## Footnote
Kant argued that 'Religion is (subjectively regarded) the recognition of all our duties as divine commands.'
339
What ongoing debates arise even in secular democracies regarding religion?
Issues like religious dress in public spaces, the role of religious education, and public funding of faith-based organizations
## Footnote
These debates highlight the tension between the Enlightenment's ideals and collective religious expression.
340
What criticism does sociologist José Casanova present about the Enlightenment's relegation of religion?
It fails to address the lived reality of religious communities
## Footnote
He emphasizes the need to conceptualize what religion empirically is and does.
341
What case exemplifies the tension between individual conscience and collective rights?
The case of Ashers Bakery in Northern Ireland
## Footnote
The bakery refused to bake a cake with a pro-gay marriage slogan due to the owners' Christian beliefs.
342
What accusations arose against Ashers Bakery for their refusal to bake a cake?
Discrimination based on sexual orientation
## Footnote
Colm O'Gorman stated that the verdict was a victory for equality and against discrimination.
343
What central tenet of liberalism did legal scholar Ronald Dworkin highlight?
Governments must be neutral not just among religions but also between religion and atheism.
344
What does the reasonable accommodation principle in pluralistic legal frameworks allow?
Exemptions to general rules if they disproportionately affect a particular group
## Footnote
The exemption must not inflict significant harm on others.
345
What approach does philosopher Charles Taylor advocate for in a secular age?
A plurality of good lives
## Footnote
He suggests that secularism must accommodate a diversity of moral frameworks.
346
What does the Ashers Bakery case illustrate about moral conscience in a secular world?
It opens up ethical, legal, and societal dilemmas that are not definitively resolved.
347
Fill in the blank: The Enlightenment's influence on religion shifted it from the ______ to the private domain.
public
348
True or False: The Enlightenment ideal of separating church and state has been completely resolved in modern democracies.
False
## Footnote
The complexities and nuances of religious experience resist easy categorization.
349
What does reconciliation expose?
The awfulness, the abuse, the hurt, the truth
## Footnote
Honest confrontation with reality can bring real healing.
350
What is the Corrymeela Community's stance on paramilitary violence?
Advocates for peaceful dialogue but has faced criticism for inviting former paramilitary members to dialogue.
351
How has the Protestant-Catholic divide in Northern Ireland affected peace efforts?
It mirrored and magnified socio-political divisions.
352
What was the role of religious communities in South Africa during apartheid?
Divided on apartheid; some supported it as a biblical mandate while others opposed it.
353
Who criticized the church's stance on apartheid?
Allan Boesak, a theologian and anti-apartheid activist.
354
What is the ethos of the Corrymeela Community?
Embracing difference, healing division, and enabling reconciliation.
355
What approach did the TRC in South Africa take towards past atrocities?
Encouraged confession of crimes through public hearings for possible amnesty.
356
What did Desmond Tutu emphasize about forgiveness?
Forgiving and being reconciled are not about pretending that things are other than they are.
357
What role do faith communities play in reconciliation?
Provide language of forgiveness and a framework for restorative justice.
358
What concept does Miroslav Volf argue is necessary in post-conflict scenarios?
'Embrace' as a higher form of justice.
359
What does Hannah Arendt state about forgiveness?
Forgiveness is the key to action and freedom.
360
How has the Church historically represented itself?
Both as a proponent of human dignity and as an enabler of systemic prejudice.
361
What contentious claim does the Church make?
Moral authority.
362
What examples illustrate the Church's involvement in politics?
* Papal States * Church of England's ties to monarchy * Liberation theologies in Latin America.
363
What critique does Leonardo Boff make regarding the institutional Church?
It plays a role in oppression.
364
What historical actions have marred the Church's image?
* Supporting slavery * Persecuting non-believers * Cultural erasure during colonialism.
365
How has the Church contributed to human rights movements?
Influenced the Civil Rights Movement and supported liberation movements.
366
Who infused Christian values into the Civil Rights Movement?
Martin Luther King Jr.
367
What is Liberation Theology?
A Christian response to poverty and social injustice.
368
What assertion does Gustavo Gutierrez make about caring for the poor?
Ask for their names.
369
What is James H. Cone's perspective on theology?
Living theology is different from teaching or writing about it.
370
What does Elaine Pagels suggest about historical narratives?
Winners write history.
371
What dual role does the Church embody?
Both as an oppressor and liberator.
372
What influences the Church's narrative as an institution?
Diverse interpretations of scriptures and cultural contexts.
373
The Church's journey towards inclusivity involves what?
Reconciliation for past and ongoing injustices.
374
What does Charles Taylor argue in 'A Secular Age' about secularisation?
Secularisation is nuanced; multiple secularities have arisen and religion still plays a role in people's lives.
375
According to Samuel Huntington's 'Clash of Civilizations', what role does religion play?
Religion is a primary factor in global conflict.
376
What does the rise of religious fundamentalism indicate?
It counters the notion of declining religious influence.
377
What is the significance of religion in social identity and community belonging?
Religion is far from obsolete; it remains a robust force in society.
378
What paradox does sociologist Peter Berger highlight about the United States?
The U.S. is described as 'profoundly religious' despite being considered a secular nation.
379
What concept does philosopher Jürgen Habermas advocate for in a secular society?
A 'post-secular' society where religious and secular commitments coexist.
380
What does Habermas suggest is needed in a democratic society?
Something more than merely undisturbed coexistence.
381
Fill in the blank: The U.S. national motto is _______.
'In God We Trust'.
382
What does the European Court of Human Rights recognize?
The right to religious freedom and the plurality of beliefs.
383
What recent trend has been observed in the Middle East regarding religion?
A surge in religious politics, exemplified by Iran's Islamic Revolution.
384
What initiatives have aimed to reconcile the division between secularisation and religion?
Religion and the Public Sphere initiatives in various Western universities.
385
What is revealed by the argument about the decline or persistence of religion?
Deep-seated controversies and divisions among scholars and within societies.
386
What hope for reconciliation is suggested in the text?
Different worldviews learning to coexist and enrich public discourse.
387
According to Karen Armstrong, what is the essence of religion?
A search for transcendence, which isn't necessarily sited in an external god.
