System Dynamics - BD Sterman

Question 1

instinctive

Answer 1

Natural
غريزي، ذاتي
An instinctive management response to periods of worsening fire severity is to increase fire suppression capacity, an approach with immediate appeal as it directly treats the symptom of devastating fires and appeases the public.

Question 2

appeal

Answer 2

fascination, magnetism
جذبه
- Increasing fire suppression capacity is an approach with immediate appeal as it directly treats the symptom of devastating fires and appeases the public.
- What kind of man would appeal to you?
- She didn’t try to hide her sex appeal and wore clothing tight enough to leave little to the imagination.
استیناف
- The exhausted student can appeal to the faculty for relief, generating request for extentions.

Question 3

appease

Answer 3

mitigate, calm, pacify
ساکت کردن، آرام کردن، تسکین دادن
- An instinctive management response to periods of worsening fire severity is to increase fire suppression capacity, an approach with immediate appeal as it directly treats the symptom of devastating fires and appeases the public.
- We eat only to appease our hunger, we drink only so much as it is good for temperate persons to do.
- Would that appease you, Gabriel?

Question 4

degrade

Answer 4

decline, decay, lower, reduce
تنزل دادن، خفت دادن، تنزل رتبه دادن
- The new policy can degrade the long-run effectiveness of the fire management.
- Every day I stay in this house I degrade myself further.

Question 5

exacerbate

Answer 5

worsen, deteriorate, aggravate
بدتر کردن، تشدید کردن
- Climate change also appears to
be influencing patterns of rainfall and weather that can exacerbate fire damages.

Question 6

supress

Answer 6

finish, stop, prevent, arrest, beat, overwhelm
سرکوب کردن، خاموش کردن، منکوب کردن، فرونشاندن
- The damages motivated great attention to forest and fire management and led to significant expenditures on the country’s capacity to suppress fires.

Question 7

seek

Answer 7

try, attempt, search, explore
طلبیدن، جوییدن، طلب کردن
Much of the research in recent years has sought to explain the problem statistically.

Question 8

underlying

Answer 8

fundamental, basic, primary, elementary, latent, suppressed, unrevealed, undisclosed, unexpressed, concealed, hidden, masked
اساسی، اصولی
There are underlying dynamics that have been impacting the activity for many years.

Question 9

subject to

Answer 9

Being dependent or conditional upon something, exposed to some unfortunate or undesirable thing, Under the necessity of undergoing something

• The assuptions should be subject to scrutiny.
• He was subject to a lot of gross mistreatment by the people.

Question 10

scrutiny

Answer 10

study, check, survey, examination, inquiry
بررسی، رسیدگی، موشکافی
- The assuptions should be subject to scrutiny.
- Every aspect of local government was placed under scrutiny.

Question 11

initialization

Answer 11

The process/act of preparing something to begin, the assignment of an initial value for a data object or variable
مقداردهی اولیه
- The initialization of equilibrium is less significant.

Question 12

divergence

Answer 12

contrast, heterogeny, branch
واگرایی، انشعاب
- The divergence exist between primates and other groups.

Question 13

divergent

Answer 13

conflicting, different, disparate
واگرا، مختلف، متباین
- At first, the consequences of two divergent policies should be examined.

Question 14

far more

Answer 14

Skilled, well-trained pilots are critical, but far more important is designing an aircraft that is stable, robust under extreme conditions, and that ordinary pilots can fly safely even when stressed, tired, or in unfamiliar conditions.

Question 15

robust

Answer 15

powerful, prosperous, giant, in good shape
تنومند، قوی هیکل، خوش بنیه
Skilled, well-trained pilots are critical, but far more important is designing an aircraft that is stable, robust under extreme conditions, and that ordinary pilots can fly safely even when stressed, tired, or in unfamiliar conditions.

Question 16

courage, to call for courage

Answer 16

شجاعت، جرات، دلیری
He calls for courage in the selection of problems. His words put courage into every heart. He said: ‘‘Have courage, my boy’’.

Question 17

embed

Answer 17

encompass, belay
نشاندن، محاط کردن، جادادن
Modeling is embedded in an organization and social context.

Question 18

per se

Answer 18

by itself, directly, instantly, fundamentaly, by and of itself
فی نفسه، به خودی خود، مستقیمن
- Well, that’s not correct per se, but the situation is something like that.
- Before the modeling process per se begins, the modeler must gain access to the organization and identify the client.

Question 19

champion

Answer 19

defend, support, backup
- The client is not the person who brings you in to an organization or champions your work, nor even the person who pays for the modeling study.

Question 20

nor even

Answer 20

نه حتا
- The client is not the person who brings you in to an organization or champions your work, nor even the person who pays for the modeling study.

Question 21

look out

Answer 21

To be watchful or careful; take care

• If you don’t look out, you may fall on the ice.
• We looked out for each other on the trip.
• Clients are looking out for their own careers.

Question 22

do little care

Answer 22

They care little for the elegance of the modeler’s theory.

Question 23

keep someone onboard

Answer 23

He should not do everything to keep them onboard.

Question 24

conception

Answer 24

vision, idea, imagination
تصور، درک
- A good modeling process challenges the clients’ conception of the problem.

Question 25

gain power

Answer 25

They are interested in using models as instruments to gain power in their organization.

Question 26

integrity

Answer 26

accuracy, perfection تمامیت، بی عیبی، درستی - As a modeler you have an ethical responsibility to carry out your work with rigor and integrity.

Question 27

rigor

Answer 27

rigidity, severity, hardness, austerity سختگیری، دقت زیاد، خشونت - As a modeler you have an ethical responsibility to carry out your work with rigor and integrity. - His analysis is lacking in rigor.

Question 28

being lacking in sth

Answer 28

His analysis is lacking in rigor.

Question 29

someone's mind is closed

Answer 29

- If your client's minds are closed, get yourself a better client.

Question 30

inherently

Answer 30

- Modeling is inherently creative.

Question 31

articulate

Answer 31

شمرده سخن گفتن، مفصل دار کردن - they were unable to articulate their emotions. - The first step is articulating the problem to be addressed.

Question 32

place sth in context with sth

Answer 32

- It is important to place the modeling in context with the ongoing activities in the system.

Question 33

sequence of steps

Answer 33

- Modeling is not a linear sequence of steps.

Question 34

iteration

Answer 34

repeat, repetition, duplication بازگویی، تکرار - Modeling goes through constant iteration, continual questioning, testing, and refinement.

Question 35

continual

Answer 35

sequential, ceaseless, continuous | - Modeling goes through constant iteration, continual questioning, testing, and refinement.

Question 36

refinement

Answer 36

پالایش | - Modeling goes through constant iteration, continual questioning, testing, and refinement.

Question 37

recast

Answer 37

از نو طرح کردن، از نو قالب ریختن - That figure recasts the modeling process shown in table more accurately. - This metal would be recast into additional cannon.

Question 38

continually

Answer 38

- This information is continually updated.

Question 39

glean

Answer 39

extract (infos) from various sources, plagiarize خوشه چینی کردن - The information is gleaned from untrusted sources.

Question 40

one-shot activity

Answer 40

- Modeling is not a one-shot activity, but an ongoing process of continual cycling between the virtual and real world of action.

Question 41

propose (to)

Answer 41

to suggest something to someone - I have already proposed to Sarah. - Beware the analyst who proposes to model an entire business. - I proposed my idea to him.

Question 42

beware

Answer 42

حذر کردن از - Beware the analyst who proposes to model an entire business. - Beware of the ghost in the night come to steal you away!

Question 43

lie in sth

Answer 43

to consist of or have something as a basis - The usefulness of models lies in the fact that they simplify reality, creating a representation of it we can comprehend. - Our continued success lies in our commitment to service.

Question 44

supplement (verb)

Answer 44

complete تکمیل کردن، ضمیمه شدن به - The modeler develops the initial characterization of the problem through discussions, suppelmented by archival data and interviews.

Question 45

elicit

Answer 45

extract, draw out بیرون کشیدن، استخراج کردن - They work with a group to elicit the information needed to define the problem.

Question 46

unfold

Answer 46

reveal, disclose, open بازکردن، آشکار شدن، رها شدن - New information unfolded by the government shows how the problem arose and how it might evolve even in the future.

Question 47

literally

Answer 47

difinitely, exactly دقیقن، به معنای واقعی کلمه - You should develop a refrence mode, literally a set of graphs and other descriptive data showing the development of the problem over time.

Question 48

far enough back in history

Answer 48

The time horizon should extend far enough back in history to show how the problem emerged.

Question 49

trend

Answer 49

change or develop in a general direction گرایش یا تمایل داشتن - The chart shows production slowly trending down and consumption trending modestly up.

Question 50

fluctuate in a narrow band

Answer 50

Prices fluctuate in a narrow band between 10 and 20.

Question 51

spike

Answer 51

a sharp increase | - Prices spike to 40$ per barrel after the Iraki invasion of Kuwait.

Question 52

impression

Answer 52

perception, result, view, sense درک، احساس، اثر - By changing the time horizon, the impression is completely different.

Question 53

at an average rate

Answer 53

- Consumption grew exponentially at an average rate of 4.3 percent per year.

Question 54

keep pace

Answer 54

move at the same speed as sth/smn, to stay at the same level as sth/smn - Production kept pace as exploration techniques. - We get regular pay raises that are supposed to keep pace with inflation.

Question 55

slightly

Answer 55

little, somewhat اندکی - Import grew slightly, stimulated by the availability of cheap foreign oil.

Question 56

finite

Answer 56

limited محدود، فناپذیر - Petroleum is a finite nonrenewable resource.

Question 57

spur

Answer 57

سیخ زدن | - The purpose of the model was to identify high leverage policies to spur the economic development in the region.

Question 58

desertification

Answer 58

بیابانزایی | - As the cattle overbrowsed the grasslands, disertification increased.

Question 59

account for something

Answer 59

explain sth, be the reason for sth - The hypothesis should be developed to account for the problematic behavior. - His good manners account for his popularity. - More police on the streets accounted for less street crime. - She has accounted for every item that was missing.

Question 60

provisional

Answer 60

conditional, dependent, limited موقتي، مشروط - As it is provisional, it is subject to revisionor abandonment.

Question 61

acknowledge

Answer 61

affirm, certify | - they need to acknowledge the source of problems.

Question 62

persist

Answer 62

continue firmly | - That critical problem persisted for years.

Question 63

advocate

Answer 63

- All advocate their positions while deriding the views of others.

Question 64

deride

Answer 64

تمسخر کردن | - All advocate their positions while deriding the views of others.

Question 65

elicitation

Answer 65

استخراج | - Variety of elicitation techniques and diagramming tools should be developed to assisst the modeler.

Question 66

endogenous

Answer 66

internal | - The modeler's goal is to help the client develop an endogenous explanation for the problematic dynamics.

Question 67

scrutinize

Answer 67

analyze carefully مورد موشکافی و مداقه قرار دادن - Each candidate for exogenous input should be carefully scrutinized to consider whether there are important feedbacks from endogenous to them or not.

Question 68

contradictory

Answer 68

متناقض | - Treating economy exogenously made the model inherently contradictory.

Question 69

palpably

Answer 69

به روشنی | - The basic assumptions were palpably inadequate and the main results were woefully erroneous.

Question 70

erroneous

Answer 70

پر از اشتباه | - The basic assumptions were palpably inadequate and the main results were woefully erroneous.

Question 71

constrain

Answer 71

severely restrict - The puepose of the model is to explore how the macroeconomic considerations might constrain the development of new energy sources.

Question 72

be worth ...ing

Answer 72

- It is worth noting that the model provided a breakdown of demand and supply. - Another feedback is worth adding. - The implementation may seem a bit cumbersome at first, but the payoff can be well worth the effort.

Question 73

overoptimistic

Answer 73

- The predicted rate of development was overoptimistic.

Question 74

treat

Answer 74

- The model treat the import prices exogenously.

Question 75

treat in a ... fashion

Answer 75

به طرز ... مورد عمل قرار دادن، به طرز .... رفتار کردن | - The model treated thesnergy system in a fairly aggregate fashion.

Question 76

undercut

Answer 76

weaken; undermine | - While that tendency is natural, it undercuts the utility of the model and weaken the ability to learn from it.

Question 77

absurd

Answer 77

meaningless, irrational پوچ، مهمل، بی معنی - Without a clear understanding of the model boundry, the can produce absurd results.

Question 78

couple

Answer 78

combine with, accompany with, mix with, incorporate with - The subsystems are coupled with one another. - The two subsystems are coupled by the obvious flow of orders, product, and money. - A sense of hope is coupled with a palpable sense of loss.

Question 79

encounter

Answer 79

face مواجه شدن، روبرو شدن - The company encountered a severe crisis that led to bankrupcy and merger.

Question 80

merger

Answer 80

ادغام | - The company encountered a severe crisisthat led to bankrupcy and merger.

Question 81

implication

Answer 81

meaning, concept, sense مفهوم - Most of the time the dynamic implications of the model is unclear. - The implication of exponential growth is intuitively difficult to grasp.

Question 82

reveal

Answer 82

diclose, unfold, display آشکار ساختن - Simulation (the virtual world) might reveal the flaws in the dynamic hypothesis.

Question 83

flaw

Answer 83

deficiency, gap عیب - Simulation (the virtual world) might reveal the flaws in the dynamic hypothesis. - Extreme conditions tests, along with other tests of model behavior, are critical tools to discover the flaws in the model.

Question 84

insight

Answer 84

intuition, understanding, vision بینش، فهم - Formalizing a conceptual model often generates important insight even before it is ready to be simulated. - She alone could provide insight into what he needed to do.

Question 85

vague

Answer 85

ambiguous, opaque, unclear مبهم، غیرمعلوم - Formalization help the modeler to recognize vague concepts that went unnoticed and undiscussed.

Question 86

correspond to sth

Answer 86

to match up with something; to harmonize with sth مطابق بودن، مانند یا مشابه بودن، رابطه داشتن، متناظر با - Every variable must correspond to a meaningful concept in the real world. - The equations correspond to the stock and flow map.

Question 87

surplus

Answer 87

excess, addition, augmentation, excess, increase مازاد - With a huge surplus of cars on dealer lots, production should soon fall to zero.

Question 88

set the stage for sth

Answer 88

make sth happen, prepare sth for some activity - زمینه چیزی را فراهم کردن - Discovering flows in the model sets the stage for improved understanding. - The purpose of that first meeting was to set the stage for future co-operation between Russia and the USA.

Question 89

robustness

Answer 89

استحکام، خوشفکری | - The robustness of the mode must be assessed.

Question 90

plausible

Answer 90

acceptable, possible پذیرفتنی، محتمل - A simple and plausible formulation for the grwoth rate is to multiply two variables presented by Vensim.

Question 91

denote

Answer 91

define, mark, explain معنی کردن، نشان دادن، علامتگذاری کردن - The hatched lines denote the silvered surfaces. - The term is also used to denote the severity of incident. - The variables are denoted 'Xi' and 'Wi' in the original dataset.

Question 92

incidence

Answer 92

occurrence وقوع - An increased incidence of cance has been reportaed. - The new structure captures the relationship between incidence and prevalence.

Question 93

prevalence

Answer 93

outbreak, spread, break-out, dominace, conquest شیوع، برتری، تفوق - The new structure captures the relationship between incidence and prevalence.

Question 94

imperfect

Answer 94

- Modeling is always imperfect.

Question 95

by far

Answer 95

to the greatest degree تا کنون - She is by far the most experienced member of the cast. - By far the most important tool for analysing and understanding the structure of the model is unit-checking function.

Question 96

consistency

Answer 96

stability ثبات، استحکام - The most important feature of any system dynamics equation is dimentional consistency. - His argument that lacked consistency.

Question 97

so far

Answer 97

up to now تا حالا - I followed the instructions so far.

Question 98

dimensionless

Answer 98

- Probability is dimentionless.

Question 99

under scrutiny, place sth under scrutiny

Answer 99

being watched or examined closely - The suspect was kept under scrutiny throughout the investigation. - Every aspect of local government was placed under scrutiny.

Question 100

polarity

Answer 100

symmetry, synchrony تمایل - The negative polarity of the link from the death rate to population denotes that the death rate subtract population.

Question 101

subtract

Answer 101

reduce, diminish, alleviate, cut, deduct, subtract کم کردن، منها کردن - The negative polarity of the link from the death rate to population denotes that the death rate subtract population. - An inflow adds to the stock or subtracts from it.

Question 102

causal

Answer 102

علی، سببی | - Every link should represent causal relationship between variables.

Question 103

confusing sth with sth

Answer 103

- Confusing correlation with causality can lead to terrible misjudgments and policy errors.

Question 104

reinforce

Answer 104

amplify, amplify, bolster, augment تقویت کردن، نیرو بخشیدن - Positive loops reinforce change whiole negative loops are self-correcting.

Question 105

disturbance

Answer 105

disorder, discomfort آشوب - A helicopter landing can cause disturbance to residents. - The disturbance propagates around the loop to reinforce the original change.

Question 106

propagate

Answer 106

spread, broadcast انتشار دادن - The disturbance propagates around the loop to reinforce the original change.

Question 107

miscount

Answer 107

- In complex diagram it is all too easz to miscount the number of negative links and also to mislable the polaritz of links.

Question 108

mislable

Answer 108

- In complex diagram it is all too easz to miscount the number of negative links and also to mislable the polaritz of links.

Question 109

elastic

Answer 109

- If demand is highly elastic, a higher price means less revenue because a 1% increase in price causes demand to fall more than 1 %. The link would have negative polarity.

Question 110

inelastic

Answer 110

If demand is inelastic, then a l % increase in price causes demand to drop less than l %, so revenues rise. The link would be positive.

Question 111

explicit

Answer 111

bright, clear, definitive, precise صریح، روشن - The pathways should be made explicit in diagram. - Make the goal of your negative loop explicit!

Question 112

presumably

Answer 112

likely احتمالن - He persumably comes from US. - Persumably the demand curve is sloping downward.

Question 113

downward

Answer 113

رو به پایین | - Persumably the demand curve is sloping downward.

Question 114

insensitive (to)

Answer 114

- The demand is insensitive to price (means the elasticity of demand is less than one).

Question 115

raise

Answer 115

boost, enhance بالا بردن - Price raised unit revenue more than it decreases sales.

Question 116

dominate

Answer 116

- Conversely, if customers are quite price sensitive (the elasticity of demand is greater than one), the lower path dominates. - Interviews with anxious drivers dominated the news.

Question 117

fruitful

Answer 117

beneficial, advantageous پربار - It is a fruitful method to deepen our understanding of the causal structure.

Question 118

conversly

Answer 118

- Conversely, if customers are quite price sensitive (the elasticity of demand is greater than one), the lower path dominates.

Question 119

build up

Answer 119

progress, develop, build توسعه پیدا کردن - When schedule pressure builds up they must work overtime. - The transit authority attempts to build up the mass transit network.

Question 120

backlog

Answer 120

انباشتگی، کارهای روی هم جمع شده - By overtime working, they cut the backlog of work and relieve the schedule pressure. - I never build up a large backlog of assignments.

Question 121

relieve

Answer 121

mitigate, facilitate تسکین دادن، تخفیف دادن، کمک کردن - By overtime working, they cut the backlog of work and relieve the schedule pressure.

Question 122

fatigue

Answer 122

خستگی | - However, by overtime working, fatigue sets in and productivity suffers.

Question 123

set in

Answer 123

begin to happen, become apparent or stablished ایجاد شدن، اتفاق افتادن - However, by overtime working, fatigue sets in and productivity suffers.

Question 124

haste makes waste

Answer 124

عجله گه میزنه به کار

Question 125

cut corners

Answer 125

to do something in the ​easiest, ​cheapest, or ​fastest way

Question 126

corner cutting

Answer 126

- The engineers argues that corner cutting is self-defeating because it increases the error rate, whichleads to rework and lower productivity in the long run.

Question 127

self defeating

Answer 127

علیه خود - The engineers argues that corner cutting is self-defeating because it increases the error rate, which leads to rework and lower productivity in the long run.

Question 128

rework

Answer 128

دوباره کاری - The engineers argues that corner cutting is self-defeating because it increases the error rate, which leads to rework and lower productivity in the long run.

Question 129

burnout

Answer 129

physical or mental collapse caused by overwork or stress | فرسودگی شغلی

Question 130

inertia

Answer 130

a tendency to do nothing or to remain unchanged اینرسی - Delays give systems inertia can create oscillations, and are often responsible for trade-offs between the short- and long-run effects of policies.

Question 131

in the response of sth to sth

Answer 131

- Different time delays occur in the response of dasoline demand to price change.

Question 132

substantial

Answer 132

fundamental, basic, essential, vital, pivotal اساسی، قابل توجه - The long run response is substantial as the stock of cars is graduallz replaced with more efficient models and as the lifestzles change.

Question 133

hypothetical

Answer 133

فرضی | - It discuss a hypothetical permanent unanticipated increase in gasoline price.

Question 134

morale

Answer 134

روحیه | - More praise from the boss boosts morale.

Question 135

clutter

Answer 135

disarray, mash, confusion, درهم و برهمی - Symbols without meaning only serve to clutter and distract.

Question 136

distract

Answer 136

knock down, confound, confuse پریشان کردن، گیج کردن - Symbols without meaning only serve to clutter and distract.

Question 137

grasp

Answer 137

فهمیدن، به چنگ آوردن، قاپیدن - The audience couldn't grasp the logic of the causal links. So,the modeler tried to make some of the intermediate variables explicit. - The implication of exponential growth is intuitively difficult to grasp.

Question 138

chunk

Answer 138

piece, slice, fragment تکه - Short term memory can hold 7 chunks of information at once.

Question 139

one at a time

Answer 139

یکی یکی | - Few people can understand a complex causal diagram unless they have a chance to digest the pieces one at a time.

Question 140

digest

Answer 140

خلاصه کردن، هضم کردن | - Few people can understand a complex causal diagram unless they have a chance to digest the pieces one at a time.

Question 141

discrepancy

Answer 141

difference, disagreement, variation عدم توافق، اختلاف - All negative loops function by comparing the actual state to the goal, then initiating a corrective action in response to the discrepancy. - There's a discrepancy between your account and his

Question 142

incorporate in

Answer 142

build or combine sth/sne into sth sth/sne ترکیب کردن، بهم پیوستن، داخل کردن - We want to incorporate you into our sales force very soon. - Hypothesis can be incorporated in the model very quickly.

Question 143

proportional

Answer 143

symmetric, symmetrical متناسب - The rate of cooling (at which heat diffuses from the hot coffe to the surrounding air) is proportional to the difference between the coffee and room temprature.

Question 144

diffuse

Answer 144

disperse, scatter, spread پخش و پراکنده شدن - The rate of cooling (at which heat diffuses from the hot coffe to the surrounding air) is proportional to the difference between the coffee and room temprature.

Question 145

state of affairs

Answer 145

the general state of things شرایط، وضع موجود - Differences exist between true state of affairs and the perception of that state by the actors.

Question 146

perceive

Answer 146

understand, figure out, realize, see, grasp, consider فهمیدن، درک کردن، دریافتن، حس کردن - The modeler couldn't perceive the status quo. - He perceived the truth. - The strength of the social exposure depends on how chic cocaine is perceived to be.

Question 147

perceived

Answer 147

درک شده، دریافت شده | - Distinguish between actual and perceived conditions is critical.

Question 148

hold a view

Answer 148

- They can hols a grossly exaggerated view of product quality, but the model can help them to shorten delays and eliminate distortions.

Question 149

distortion

Answer 149

انحراف - They can hols a grossly exaggerated view of product quality, but the model can help them to shorten delays and eliminate distortions.

Question 150

yield

Answer 150

تسلیم کردن/شدن، ارزانی داشتن - Interviews can not yield data rich enough to be useful in developing SD. - They will yield only as we reclaim our Intuition and stop casting blame. محصول، بازده - The yield of their line in factory was low.

Question 151

snowball effect

Answer 151

a process that starts from an initial state of small significance and builds upon itself, becoming larger - It was just a kind of snowball effect.

Question 152

hand in

Answer 152

تحویل دادن | - I should hand in assignments as they are due during the semester.

Question 153

throughout

Answer 153

در کل، در سرتاسر | - My grades improve steadily throughout the term

Question 154

defer the work until the last minute

Answer 154

defer the work until the last minute

Question 155

crunch

Answer 155

a crucial point or situation, typically one at which a decision with important consequences must be made بحران - It is the crunch time, because the assignment backlog steadily built up.

Question 156

put in

Answer 156

کنار آمدن با، اعمال کردن | - He start putting in long hours as it was the crunch time.

Question 157

be consistent with

Answer 157

سازگار بودن با | - Make sure your graphs are consistent with stock and flow relationships among variables.

Question 158

aspiration

Answer 158

wish, desire, ambition, ideal آرمان، آرزو - Relative to his aspiration, he boosted the effort put into each task.

Question 159

insidious

Answer 159

harmful موذی، خطرناک - Sexually transmitted diseases can be insidious and sometimes without symptoms. - His efforts to maintain quality created an insidious feedback.

Question 160

vicious

Answer 160

bad, depraved, defective, dangerous معیوب، فاسد، شریر - The loop operates as a vicious cycle.

Question 161

counterproductive

Answer 161

having the opposite of the desired effect, detrimental, disadvantegous - Wouldn't the grasshoppers realize that their efforts were actually counterproductive?

Question 162

impaired

Answer 162

damaged, weak مختل، ضعیف - It is precisely when people are exhausted that their judgment is most impaired.

Question 163

extenuating

Answer 163

mitigating تخفیف دهنده - Based on the genuine extenuating circumesrances, the faculty extended the due date.

Question 164

genuine

Answer 164

real, actual, true واقعی - Based on the genuine extenuating circumesrances, the faculty extended the due date.

Question 165

arise

Answer 165

rise, happen, occur, get up برآمدن، به وجود آمدن، طلوع کردن - Some pressure arise from observations of the grades the student's peers receive.

Question 166

amply

Answer 166

به طور بیش از حد، فراوان | - The term has been amply documented in many situations.

Question 167

dissonance

Answer 167

ناهنجاری | - They lower their aspiration to relieve the dissonance between expectations and achievements.

Question 168

endeavor

Answer 168

effort, try تلاش کردن، سعی کردن - He is endeavoring to help the Third World. - Everyone endeavors to employ his capital so that its produce may be of greatest value.

Question 169

pursue

Answer 169

follow, track, continue, follow up تعقیب کردن، دنبال کردن - By pursuing his own interest he promotes that to the society.

Question 170

faith

Answer 170

belief, trust اعتقاد، باور، عقیده - It is the core of the faith that markets know best.

Question 171

prone

Answer 171

متمایل | - It seems that the market will be prone to persistent disequilibrium and instability.

Question 172

eqilibrate

Answer 172

- In many markets prices do not change fast enough to eqilibrate supply and demand.

Question 173

outstrip

Answer 173

surpass, pas, leave behind جاگذاشتن، پیشی گرفتن، سریعتر رفتن از - The growing prices outstripped the federal benefits.

Question 174

supplement

Answer 174

complete, fullfill تکمیل کردن - She took the job to supplement her husband's income. - They forced to seek private insurance to supplement the basic insurance.

Question 175

stagnate

Answer 175

stop flowing, become trapped راکد شدن، از حرکت ایستادن - Number of registered vehicles grew fast while public transportation stagnated.

Question 176

controversial

Answer 176

dialectic بحث برانگیز - Conceptualization of behavioral structure is often controversial.

Question 177

disaggregate

Answer 177

separate - In the late version of the model, the modeler disaggregated the construction of new roads from widening the existing ones.

Question 178

noted

Answer 178

considerable قابل ملاحظه، قابل توجه - The delay between initiation of the construction process and the completion is noted.

Question 179

keep sth at the accedpted level

Answer 179

- Traffic engineers seek to keep travle time at the accepted level.

Question 180

compensate

Answer 180

give in exchange, retaliate, counterbalance جبران کردن، تلافی کردن - All loops compensate for any new road construction by increasing the traffic volume. - Management compensated us for the time we worked. - Apologies will not compensate for this damage.

Question 181

unattractive

Answer 181

unappealing, disgusting

Question 182

all the while

Answer 182

در تمام مدت | - All the while, the number of cars on the roads grow.

Question 183

vain attempt

Answer 183

- They were pushing traffic farther into the countryside, in a vain attempt to ease congestion.

Question 184

ridership

Answer 184

the number of passengers using a particular form of public transportation

Question 185

deficit

Answer 185

کمبود، کسر درآمد | - If transit authority tries to close its deficit by cost cutting, service and quality erode.

Question 186

cut

Answer 186

reduce the amount or quantity of کاهش دادن - By their cost cutting plan, the frequency of service cut.

Question 187

choke off

Answer 187

to prevent or stop the free flow of sth to suddenly stop the movement/progress of sth جلو چیزی را گرفتن، باعث توقف شدن - High tariffs choked off trade between the two countries. - The agencz tries to choke off the smuggling into the US. - The raising fares choke of ridership.

Question 188

offset

Answer 188

خنثی کردن، متعادل کردن | - The transit authority attempts to build up the mass transit network to offset the eroding ridership.

Question 189

be well suited to

Answer 189

بسیار مناسب برای | - The causal diagrams are well suited to represent interdependencies and feedbacks.

Question 190

capture

Answer 190

gain, catch - The new structure captures the relationship between incidence and prevalence. - The causal diagrams are used to capture interdependencies and feedbacks.

Question 191

capture someone's imagination

Answer 191

to stimulate someone's imagination | - The story of the young wizard has captured the imagination of the world's children.

Question 192

reservoir

Answer 192

مخزن پاب، منبع

Question 193

derivative

Answer 193

مشتق - The net rate of change of any stock is its derivative. - It is the problematic derivative from the exposure to the toxins.

Question 194

lag behind sth

Answer 194

عقب افتادن، نسبت به چیزی تاخیر داشتن - Don't lag behind us or you'll get lost. - The output lags behind input.

Question 195

shrink

Answer 195

کوچک شدن، آب رفتن، چروک شدن - The delivery rate exceeds the mailing rate and the stock of mail in transit shrinks. - The workforce has shrunk to less than a thousand

Question 196

buffer

Answer 196

lessen or moderate the impact of sth - Without a stock of grain to buffer the differences between production and consumption, people would starve between harvests.

Question 197

throughput

Answer 197

توان عملیاتی

Question 198

arbitrary

Answer 198

hojdhvd | - The choice of time period is arbitrary.

Question 199

inability

Answer 199

one of the most important limitation of causal diagrams is their inability to capture the stock and flow.

Question 200

deplete

Answer 200

empty, unload, discharge, evacuate خال کردن، تهی کردن - Information about the size and composition of accounts payable can not be depleted by usage. - Shipments to customers deplete finished inventory.

Question 201

equivalent

Answer 201

similar, alike, resembling برابر، معادل، مترادف - Though the model is mathematically equivalent to the model with auxiliaries, it is harder to explain and modify.

Question 202

numerator

Answer 202

صورت کسر - In the reduced form, population enters the equation for the rate of change of population in both the numerator and denominator.

Question 203

denominator

Answer 203

مخرج کسر - In the reduced form, population enters the equation for the rate of change of population in both the numerator and denominator.

Question 204

with the premise that

Answer 204

با این فرض (منطقی) که - It should be replaced by providing economic model with the premise that inner-city businesses should be profitable and positioned to compete on a regional, national, and even international scale.

Question 205

close the deficit

Answer 205

جلو کاهش چیزی را گرفتن | - If transit authority tries to close its deficit by cost cutting, service and quality erode.

Question 206

cost cutting

Answer 206

کاهش هزینه | - If transit authority tries to close its deficit by cost cutting, service and quality erode.

Question 207

poin into

Answer 207

- Inflows are represented by arrow pointing into the stock.

Question 208

point out of

Answer 208

- Outflows are represented by arrow pointing out of the stock.

Question 209

in effect

Answer 209

effectively, in essence, basically - The prices remain in effect until it is changed. - Testimony that in effect contradicted her earlier statement.

Question 210

can be thought of as ...

Answer 210

- In terms of a metaphor, a stock can be thought of as a bathtub and a flow can be thought of as a faucet and pipe assembly that fills or drains the stock.

Question 211

in excess of

Answer 211

more than, greater than - The book sold in excess of a million copies. - The deficit is the yearly amount that the U.S. federal government spends in excess of its revenues, while the debt is the accumulation of all the previous deficits (less the debt that has been retired).

Question 212

accomplish

Answer 212

fulfill, carry out, complete | - It can only be accomplished via an international agreement.

Question 213

at a constant level

Answer 213

- When the flow is at a constant level, the growth shape for the stock is linear because of the accumulation process.

Question 214

analogous

Answer 214

comparable, similar, like, corresponding, related, equivalent, resembling - In this case, price would be analogous to the stock variable and rate of inflation would be the analogous to the inflow variable. - The positive feedback process is analogous to the spread of an infectious disease.

Question 215

mimic

Answer 215

imitate, emulate, assume, pattern, simulate تقلید کردن - The result of having the inflow oscillating in a sinusoidal manner is that the stock is being filled and drained repeatedly as it mimics the inflow's time path character. - They use prescribed fire to mimic the historical fire regimes.

Question 216

instantaneously

Answer 216

in a flash, outright, instantly بلافاصله - Despite human impatience, events in the world do not occur instantaneously. Instead, there is often a significant lag between cause and effect. - Many systems do not respond instantaneously to the changes.

Question 217

lag

Answer 217

delay, deferment - Despite human impatience, events in the world do not occur instantaneously. Instead, there is often a significant lag between cause and effect.

Question 218

substitute

Answer 218

replace, exchange, replacement جانشین کردن، تعویض کردن، جانشین - By sustituting the equation for demand into the main equation, the auxiliary variables can be eliminated. - Soy milk is used as a substitute for dairy milk. - Valuse of substitutes affect the relative value of oil.

Question 219

cut down on sth

Answer 219

to reduce the amount of something or of doing something; to use or buy less of something - You will have to cut down on the time it takes you to get ready in the morning. - The doctor told him to cut down on his drinking. - If the number of waiting customers increases, the employees cut down on breaks.

Question 220

instantaneous

Answer 220

immediate فوری - No one can measure the instantaneous value of any flow.

Question 221

quantized

Answer 221

discrete set of values تکه تکه، تدریجی - Most flows are actually quantized, meaning they can not be divided into arbitrary small units. Oil tankers are commissioned one at a time - it is not meaningful to speak of launching half a tanker.

Question 222

divisible

Answer 222

بخش پذیر - Just as time can be represented as unfolding continuously or in discrete intervals, so too the units flowing into and out of stocks can be thought of either as continuously divisible or as a discrete numbers of items.

Question 223

Just as ..., so too ....

Answer 223

- Just as time can be represented as unfolding continuously or in discrete intervals, so too the units flowing into and out of stocks can be thought of either as continuously divisible or as a discrete numbers of items.

Question 224

descrete

Answer 224

گسسته، مجزا - Just as time can be represented as unfolding continuously or in discrete intervals, so too the units flowing into and out of stocks can be thought of either as continuously divisible or as a discrete numbers of items.

Question 225

get started (with)

Answer 225

begin (with). - The meeting got started at 9:35 AM. - What time did you get started with the meeting?

Question 226

get to ( + verb)

Answer 226

be allowed to; be permitted to - What did your parents say about the rock concert? Do you get to go? - As always the modeler must get to know the clients deeply and early in the modeling process.

Question 227

get (someone) to ( + verb)

Answer 227

persuade someone | - What did your parents say about the rock concert? Did you get them to give you permission to go?

Question 228

in the wake of

Answer 228

In the aftermath of, as a consequence of, as a result of - In 1979 the US experienced a severe gasoline shortage in the wake of the revolution in Iran. - We had no place to live in the wake of the fire. - In the wake of the storm, there were many broken tree limbs.

Question 229

It is wise to ...

Answer 229

عاقلانه است که ... | - It is wise to identifz the main stocks in a szstem and then the flows that alter those stocks.

Question 230

break down sth into ....

Answer 230

- The process can be broken down into more steps. - Breaking down complex problems into their components is almost fun. - Let's break this issue down and discuss it.

Question 231

split sth into sth

Answer 231

to divide or sever something into something - Toward disaggregation, it is possible to split the assembly process into subassemblies. - Please split this log in half so it will burn better.

Question 232

useless

Answer 232

- Obviously such a model would be just as complex as the real world and quite useless.

Question 233

to address the purpose

Answer 233

- It is better to start with a high-level, aggregate representation and add detail if needed to address the purpose.

Question 234

relative to sth/sbd

Answer 234

in proportion to sth/smn - Stocks with short residence times relative to the time scale do not need to be represented explicitly. - I can spend an amount of money relative to my salary. - The population is small relative to the carrying capacity. concerning sth/smn - I have something to say relative to Bill. - Do you have any information relative to the situation in South America?

Question 235

lump into

Answer 235

- Stocks with short residence times relative to the time scale do not need to be represented explicitly and can either be omitted or lumped into adjacent stocks.

Question 236

short-lived

Answer 236

- In a long-term model some stocks are too short-lived to require explicit treatment.

Question 237

assume

Answer 237

suppose or believe something without any proof | - First, based on your question, we'll assume you're a recent college graduate.

Question 238

presume

Answer 238

suppose something without proof, based on probability (to be sure of something before it happened) - Drawing the map with a source for the production presumes that the supply of parts is unlimited and can never constrain the production start rate.

Question 239

``` cut back cut back (on sth) ```

Answer 239

shorten, decrease - The factory cut back production because of budget problems. - You simply must cut back on office expenses.

Question 240

deter

Answer 240

prevent, discourage, frighten - Focus on analytic solutions deters many people from study of calculus. - The positive feedback generating growth while the negative feedbacks deter usage which results in boom and boost pattern.

Question 241

give insight into sth

Answer 241

- The chapter also illustrates how stock and flow dynamics give insight into two important policy issues

Question 242

relate

Answer 242

describe, disclose, detail, present | - The modeler must be able to relate the behavior of the stocks and flows an a the system.

Question 243

trajectory

Answer 243

path, route, curve, direction - The index has returned to the trajectory it was on prior to the imposition of the wage and price control. - I considered the amzing trajectory of recent advances in airport development. - The trajectory of the system in time shoew an ever-invreasing acceleration.

Question 244

amplitude

Answer 244

دامنه، بزرگی، نوسان | - The outflow fluctuates at an average of 100 with a period of 12 months and an amplitude of +-50 units/month.

Question 245

linearly

Answer 245

- For the first 10 weeks the stock declines linearly.

Question 246

in dispute

Answer 246

Disagreed about, in controversy - Despite the scientific uncertainty, several fact are not in dispute. - The origin of his family is in dispute.

Question 247

though

Answer 247

گرچه، هرچند | - Mean global surface temprature has been rising, though not in a steady pattern.

Question 248

consensus

Answer 248

اجماع، توافق - The was no consensus of opinion among judges. - Nevertheless, consensus about the dynamics of global climate system is emerging. - The studies come to Consensus that ....

Question 249

inconsistency

Answer 249

incoherence, contradiction تناقض - He analyzed many of the most used models, identifying a number of problems and inconsistencies in them.

Question 250

violate the law

Answer 250

نقض قانون | - The model violates the law of conseration of mass.

Question 251

emissivity

Answer 251

the ability of a surface to emit radiant energy compared to that of a black body at the same temperature and with the same area - GHG reduce the emissivity of the atmosphere enough to warm the surface of the earth.

Question 252

at the other extreme

Answer 252

از سوی دیگر | - Louise goes to the gym every day. At the other extreme, her husband does absolutely no exercise at all.

Question 253

counterintuitive

Answer 253

opposite to what seems obvious or natural, senseless, contradictory, implausible, illogical - The direction we had to follow was counterintuitive—we had to go north first before we went south. - The reults were counterintuitive.

Question 254

uptake (take-up)

Answer 254

an act of taking up; a lifting | - The increased concentration of CO2 stimulates uptake of carbon by plants.

Question 255

loose position to

Answer 255

- After 17th century, Amsterdam lost most of its position in global trade, mainly to London.

Question 256

keep sone/sth out

Answer 256

to prevent someone or something from getting into something or some place - Keep your kids out of my yard. - They kept Dorothy out of the discussion. - Regional trams were kept out of the city as much as possible.

Question 257

fall into decay

Answer 257

degenerate به انحطاط و فروپاشی افتادن - The house was very old and had fallen into decay. - Meanwhile the inner city had fallen into decay, and people moved out.

Question 258

though not in a steady pattern

Answer 258

- Mean global surface temerature has been rising, though not in a steady pattern.

Question 259

show up

Answer 259

to appear, to be seen | - Changes in GHG emissions only slowly show up in changes in global temperature.

Question 260

portray

Answer 260

depict, illustrate, render, mimic, image | - The left side of the figure portrays the global carbon cycle; while the right side portrays the global heat balance.

Question 261

dissolve

Answer 261

- Higher concentration of CO2 increases the rate at which it dissolves into the mixed layer of the ocean.

Question 262

take sth up

Answer 262

to absorb sth - The old sponge doesn't take much water up. to adopt sth new - I see you've taken a new lifestyle up.

Question 263

abyssal

Answer 263

بسیار عمیق | - It models the mixing between abyssal and surface ocean water.

Question 264

adjacent

Answer 264

near, close, successive, nearby, follwing مجاور، متوالی، نزدیک - The model disaggregates the water column into number of distinct states and simulate the transfer of carbon between adjacent layers explicitly.

Question 265

draw down

Answer 265

To deplete something by consuming or spending - The embargo drew down our food reserves. The increased costs drew our budget down. to pull down - She drew the shades down to cut off the bright sunlight. She drew down the shades.

Question 266

sequester

Answer 266

جداکردن، توقیف کردن، مصادره کردن | - The flow drows down the carbon sequestered in global stocks of fossil fuels.

Question 267

differential

Answer 267

a difference between amounts of things | - The rate of heat transfer depends on the differential between different layers.

Question 268

insolation

Answer 268

تابش | - The shading devices reduce insolation.

Question 269

evolve

Answer 269

develop or achieve gradually, undergo gradual change | - knowledge of the system theory is still evolving.

Question 270

drive

Answer 270

urge or force, stimulate تحریک کردن - Among positive feedbacks those drive climate change are changes in surface albedo. - The impact of warming on sea level may also be driven by positive feedback.

Question 271

albedo

Answer 271

بازتاب | - Among positive feedbacks those drive climate change are changes in surface albedo.

Question 272

come into play

Answer 272

to become an important factor in sth; to be involved - At present it is not known whether the negative or positive feedbacks dominate the dynamics nor how the dominance of the loops might change as various nonlinearities come into play.

Question 273

be appointed to

Answer 273

منصوب شدن، تعیین شدن | - A new federal agency was appointed to oversee the campaign.

Question 274

oversee

Answer 274

نظارت supervise - A new federal agency was appointed to oversee the campaign.

Question 275

coincide with sth

Answer 275

- My birthday sometimes coincides with Thanksgiving Day. | - The drop in reported use coincided with the sharp increase in the seizure rate.

Question 276

seizure

Answer 276

تصرف، توقیف، غصب | - The drop in reported use coincided with the sharp increase in the seizure rate.

Question 277

interdiction

Answer 277

prohibition, embargo, forbiddance | - The critics, citing the failure of prohibition, argued that interdiction could never work.

Question 278

The stakes are high

Answer 278

used to describe a ​situation that has a lot of ​risk and in which someone is likely to either get or ​lose an ​advantage

Question 279

prosecute

Answer 279

دنبال کردن، تحت پیگرد قرار دادن bring/institute legal proceedings against - They were prosecuted for obstructing the highway keep on with, engage with - The drug war was prosecuted and data series were collected.

Question 280

primacy

Answer 280

superiority, advantage, excellence, preference برتری، تقدم - Each agency argued for the primacy and correctess of its data enforcement programs as they struggled to gain a larger share of devoted budget. - Their primacy in war was unprecedented.

Question 281

struggle

Answer 281

- Each agency argued for the primacy and correctess of its data enforcement programs as they struggled to gain a larger share of devoted budget.

Question 282

Substitution

Answer 282

تعویض | - They proposed the substitution of new materials for the old ones.

Question 283

underrepresent

Answer 283

کمرنگ جلوه دادن، حضور کمرنگ داشتن | - Management has seriously underrepresented the firm's financial problems.

Question 284

compulsive

Answer 284

uncontrollable, irresistible, fascinating, compelling اجباری، غیرقابل مقاومت - Some casual users find that they can not control their cocaine consumption and become compulsive users.

Question 285

relapse

Answer 285

عود، برگشت - He suffered a relapse of migraine for a long time. - Transitional users can relapse, becoming active users again.

Question 286

escalate

Answer 286

increase rapidly, go up, inflate تشدید شدن - It took one week for a localized event to escalate to world war. - He escalated the argument into a vicious fight.

Question 287

bring into contact with

Answer 287

- The social networks of drug-users expand, bringing more people into contact with the drug. - Don't bring your hand in contact with the poison.

Question 288

exposure

Answer 288

the state of being exposed to contact with something در معرض قرار گرفتن - It was their first exposure to big city life. - The strength of the social exposure depends on how chic cocaine is perceived to be.

Question 289

benign

Answer 289

خوش خیم، بیخطر، مهربان - Her face was calm and benign. - The tumor is benign. - Potential users view the the drug as benign.

Question 290

comparatively

Answer 290

نسبتا | - Price has comparatively a modest effect.

Question 291

confer (on) with sb

Answer 291

مشورت کردن | - The officials are conferring with allies.

Question 292

confer sth on(up) sb

Answer 292

اعطا کردن، بخشیدن، دادن - They conferred degrees on 300 graduates this year. - The high prices and scarcity of drugs confer social status on those who can provide drugs for friends at parties.

Question 293

chik

Answer 293

- The entertainment industry reinforced the chic image of the drug.

Question 294

recency

Answer 294

تازگی | - the recency of use has been captured by the loop R1.

Question 295

affordable

Answer 295

مقرون به صرفه | - Wider availability and lower prices make cocaine affordable and accessable to all.

Question 296

supply-side vs demand-side

Answer 296

supply-side vs demand-side

Question 297

understate

Answer 297

دست کم گرفتن، اظهار نکردن حقیقت | - The study shows the survey data were substantially understating the prevalence of drug use.

Question 298

substantially

Answer 298

به طور قابل ملاحظه ای | - The study shows the survey data were substantially understating the prevalence of drug use.

Question 299

reconcile (sth with sth)

Answer 299

وفق دادن، تطبیق دادن، آشتی دادن - The stock and flow structure helps reconcile the apparently contradictory data. - I can't reconcile your story with those of the other witnesses. - She wanted to be reconciled with her father

Question 300

in hindsight

Answer 300

در حقیقت (با توجه به گذشته) ب - In hindsight it seems quite obvious that the data should be challanged. - David realized, in hindsight, that he should have finished school.

Question 301

overstate

Answer 301

اغراق کردن | - The survey overstated the decline in drug use.

Question 302

confound

Answer 302

گیج کردن، پریشان گردن confuse, distract - The data showing decline in recent use confounded the actual decline in use with the increase in underreporting. - Do not confound the problem by losing your temper! - Don't confound fiction and fact!

Question 303

apparent

Answer 303

clear, certain, phenomenal | - The Justice dep. commissioned a study to solve the apparent paradox of declining cocaine use and rising arrests.

Question 304

commission

Answer 304

appoint, assign گماشتن، ماموریت دادن - The Justice dep. commissioned a study to solve the apparent paradox of declining cocaine use and rising arrests.

Question 305

experiment with sth/sb

Answer 305

to try different experiments on someone or something | - They are supposed to be experimenting with new drugs.

Question 306

reclassify

Answer 306

- Transitional are users reclassified as ex-users, after a yrea without any cocaine use.

Question 307

hang with

Answer 307

spend or waste time with | - He just was hanging with me all the weekend.

Question 308

social exposure

Answer 308

- The strength of the social exposure depends on how chic cocaine is perceived to be.

Question 309

affirmatively

Answer 309

مثبت، تاییدکننده | - They responded affirmatively when asked if they had ever used drug.

Question 310

stratify

Answer 310

form or arrange into strata طبقه طبقه (چینه چینه) کردن - They believe their samples are properly stratified. - In a society stratified by economic classes, economic slavery will continue to exist even if the conditions for its abolition are possible.

Question 311

derive

Answer 311

مشتق شدن، نتیجه گرفتن extract, proceed from, originate in - The concept is derived from many different fields. - Model estimated were derived ti be consistent with other data.

Question 312

diminishing

Answer 312

کاهشی - The model estimates for the actual population of those who have ever used drug continue to rise, though at a diminishing rate.

Question 313

cynically

Answer 313

بدبینانه، خیره چشمانه | - The used the data cynically to manupulate the public opinion and nobody recognized the flaw in the data.

Question 314

favorable

Answer 314

مطلوب | - They manupulated the data to make it more favorable to the administration.

Question 315

persuasively

Answer 315

به گونه اي متقاعدكننده | - The model showed persuasively that the survey data underestimated the cocaine use.

Question 316

abate

Answer 316

to reduce, diminish | - The epidemic began to abate.

Question 317

correspondence of sth to sth

Answer 317

تناظر، تشابه | - The correspondence of the witness's statement with the known facts suggests that he is telling the truth.

Question 318

halt

Answer 318

ایستادن، ایست کردن bring or come to an abrupt stop - The cocaine use was halted primarily by public perceptions of cocaine's health and legal risks.

Question 319

as ..., so does....

Answer 319

- As the initiation rate grew exponentially, so did the stock of active casual users.

Question 320

inevitably

Answer 320

unavoidably به ناچار - The dynamic structure of the model inevitably mean that the population growth is responsible for the use.

Question 321

social acceptablity

Answer 321

- The exponential growth of drug did eventually reduce the social acceptability of drug.

Question 322

public awareness

Answer 322

- The strength of the channels of public awareness is critical in growth of epidemic.

Question 323

promising

Answer 323

امیدبخش، نویدبخش، امیدوار | - It has a big community of promising young people.

Question 324

abundance

Answer 324

a very large quantity of something وفور، فراوانی - The very abundance of cocaine, by leading to a large increase in personal knowledge of its harmful effects, led people to turn away from it.

Question 325

turn away from

Answer 325

دور شدن withdraw of - The very abundance of cocaine, by leading to a large increase in personal knowledge of its harmful effects, led people to turn away from it.

Question 326

crave

Answer 326

feel a powerful desire for sth آرزو و اشتیاق داشتن - Those who crave the scape from the world turned to other drugs.

Question 327

ultimately

Answer 327

- The cocaine epidemic is ultimately self-limiting.

Question 328

self-limiting

Answer 328

- The cocaine epidemic is ultimately self-limiting.

Question 329

resurgence

Answer 329

revitalization, rebirth تجدید حیات - The resurgence of heroin use happened after decline in cocaine because people always sought out mind-altering substance.

Question 330

accumulate

Answer 330

تجمیع کردن، روی هم انباشته کردن | - The state of the system accumulates its net inflow rate.

Question 331

deduce

Answer 331

conclude, draw نتیجه گرفتن، استنباط کردن، کم کردن - The behavior of the first-order linear system can be deduced graphically.

Question 332

in proportion to

Answer 332

در مقایسه با، نسبت به in relation to; in comparison with - You spend far too much time on that work in proportion to its importance. - When the rate equation is linear, net inflow grows exactly in proportion to the state of the system.

Question 333

so too

Answer 333

- Every time the state of the system doubles, so too will its absolute rate of increase.

Question 334

principal

Answer 334

capital سرمايه اصلي - The principal and prevailing interest rate determine the interest payment.

Question 335

principal

Answer 335

Fundamental, main, dominant, leading | - The principal source of supply was the EU market.

Question 336

in time

Answer 336

within an indefinite time | - The trajectory of the system in time shows an ever-increasing acceleration.

Question 337

intuitively

Answer 337

به صورت ادراكي، حسي | - The implication of exponential growth is intuitively difficult to grasp.

Question 338

phenomenon

Answer 338

experience, happening, fact پديده، نمود، عارضه - The underestimation of exponential growth is a pervasive and robust phenomenon.

Question 339

pervasive

Answer 339

prevalent, common, widespread, universal فراگير - The underestimation of exponential growth is a pervasive and robust phenomenon.

Question 340

to take action

Answer 340

واكنش نشان دادن، اقدام كردن | - By the time feedbacks are available it is too late to take effective action.

Question 341

immune to sth

Answer 341

not affected by a given influence - They are far from immune to overconfidence. - Snakes are immune to their own poison.

Question 342

huge gulf between ....

Answer 342

huge gap between ... | - The results showed a huge gulf between the estimates of scientists compared to the economists.

Question 343

overcome

Answer 343

To deal with successfully, to defeat - He tried to overcome the obstacles of poverty. - Overcoming overconfidence requires greater humility about the limits of our expertise.

Question 344

humility

Answer 344

فروتنی، تواضع - He is a man of modesty and humility above all else, - Overcoming overconfidence requires greater humility about the limits of our expertise.

Question 345

reciprocal

Answer 345

bilateral, mutual, double-faced, two-sided دوطرفه، متقابل، دوجانبه - I was hoping for reciprocal friendship. - The reciprocal of X is 1/X.

Question 346

implicit

Answer 346

مطلق، التزامی، بی شرط، ضمنی | - In the case of exponential decay, such as death rate, the goal is implicit and equal to zero.

Question 347

corrective action

Answer 347

- The corrective actions cause the inventory shortfall to diminish, reducing the net inflow until the discrepancy is eliminated.

Question 348

sth treat sth in isolation

Answer 348

- The discussion treated the positive and negative loops in isolation.

Question 349

offset each other

Answer 349

یکدیگر را جبران کردن، خنثا کردن | - Births and deaths may offset each other which bring population into dynamic equilibrium.

Question 350

abundant

Answer 350

many, plenty, plentiful, numerous فراوان - The environment contains abundant resources.

Question 351

extinction

Answer 351

خاموشی، انقراض | - When deaths exceed births, the population decays to extinction.

Question 352

superposition

Answer 352

برهمنهی | - The behavior of the system is the sum, or superposition, of the behaviors generated by individual loops.

Question 353

to be far from sth

Answer 353

Not at all, anything but - They are far from immune to overconfidence. - Realistic systems are far from linear.

Question 354

justifiable

Answer 354

قابل توجیه - The crisis is not financially justifiable. - Reliance on linear theory and the avoidance of non-linear systems was justifiable prior to computer simulation.

Question 355

reliance

Answer 355

اعتماد | - Reliance on linear theory and the avoidance of non-linear systems was justifiable prior to computer simulation.

Question 356

avoidance

Answer 356

اجتناب | - Reliance on linear theory and the avoidance of non-linear systems was justifiable prior to computer simulation.

Question 357

hamper

Answer 357

hinder, impede, stop | - The power of linear theory has hampered the development of realistic and robust models of complexity.

Question 358

carrying capacity

Answer 358

ظرفیت حمل یا کشش، توانایی تحمل - With ecological planning, Bulgaria could become the first balanced nation on earth, by linking its population to its carrying capacity and wild environment. - The population is small relative to the carrying capacity.

Question 359

be at maxima

Answer 359

- When the population density is small, both fractional birth rate and life expectancy are at their biological maxima.

Question 360

inflection point

Answer 360

نقطه عطف | - The peak point corresponds to the inflection point in the trajectory of population in the time domain.

Question 361

symmetric

Answer 361

متقارن | - The parabola is symmetric around its peak.

Question 362

sth occurs halfway to the sth

Answer 362

- The maximum rate occurs preceisely halfway to the capacity.

Question 363

susceptible to sth

Answer 363

مستعد پذیرش، حساس | - Infants and the elderly are more susceptible to illness than other people.

Question 364

infectious

Answer 364

عفونی، واگیردار، مسری - Is the patient still infectious? - Total population represented in the model is divided into two main categories: those are infectious and those are susceptible to the disease.

Question 365

chronic

Answer 365

persisting for a long time مزمن - The model applies to chronic infections.

Question 366

come into contact with sbd

Answer 366

- Infectious diseases spread as infectious people come into contact with and pass the disease to those who are susceptible.

Question 367

absolution

Answer 367

release from consequences

Question 368

resolution

Answer 368

....

Question 369

dissolution

Answer 369

....

Question 370

student syndrome

Answer 370

...

Question 371

student syndrome

Answer 371

...

Question 372

proactive

Answer 372

....

Question 373

reductionism

Answer 373

....

Question 374

mental attitude

Answer 374

mental state

Question 375

extenuating circumstances

Answer 375

special (but otherwise unspecified) circumstances that account for an irregular or improper way of doing something شرایط خاص - Mary was permitted to arrive late because of extenuating circumstances. - Due to extenuating circumstances, the teacher will not meet with the class today.

Question 376

unprecedented

Answer 376

unique, incomparable, inapproachable, new, novel - Their primacy in war was unprecedented. - The government took the unprecedented step of releasing confidential correspondence.

Question 377

cost overrun

Answer 377

هزینه اضافی - Delays, cost overruns, and quality problems in commercial new product development can kill a company, particularly in high-velocity industries.

Question 378

high-velocity

Answer 378

پرشتاب، سرعت زیاد - Delays, cost overruns, and quality problems in commercial new product development can kill a company, particularly in high-velocity industries.

Question 379

preselected

Answer 379

از پیش تعیین شده | - A common critisism of model is that parameters and assumptions are “cooked” to achieve a preselected outcome.

Question 380

merely

Answer 380

فقط، منحصرن | - They argued that the model was merely a complicated ruse to impress the jurry.

Question 381

garbage in, garbage out

Answer 381

- The meals are pretty poor but then they never use fresh ingredients - garbage in, garbage out.

Question 382

ruse

Answer 382

trick, deception حیله، فریب - They argued that the model was merely a complicated ruse to impress the jurry.

Question 383

uptime

Answer 383

زمان کارکرد | time during which a machine, especially a computer, is in operation

Question 384

reactive

Answer 384

واکنشی، انفعالی | - The stock of defects is drained by two flows of reactive repair and proactive maintenance.

Question 385

proactive

Answer 385

فعال | - The stock of defects is drained by two flows of reactive repair and proactive maintenance.

Question 386

exclude sth from sth

Answer 386

- I excluded chocolate cake from the shopping list.

Question 387

speculator

Answer 387

سفته باز، زمین خوار، بورس باز | - When the prices are progressive, otherspeculators are attracted to increase their stocks.

Question 388

speculative bubble

Answer 388

حباب قیمتی، حباب بورس بازی | - An example of positive feedbacks whithin the structure of a market is speculative bubbles.

Question 389

transcend

Answer 389

برتري يافتن | - Systems thinking transcends disciplines and cultures and overarches history.

Question 390

overarch

Answer 390

pass over sth | - Systems thinking transcends disciplines and cultures and overarches history.

Question 391

overshoot

Answer 391

an act of going past or beyond a point, target, or limit (too fast or being unable to stop) - The delays in the negative loops could cause congestion to overshoot the desirable level. - They overshot their intended destination.

Question 392

elasticity

Answer 392

- Elasticity can be quantified as the ratio of the percentage change in one variable to the percentage change in another variable, when the latter variable has a causal influence on the former.

Question 393

latter

Answer 393

second, last - Elasticity can be quantified as the ratio of the percentage change in one variable to the percentage change in another variable, when the latter variable has a causal influence on the former.

Question 394

former

Answer 394

previous, older - Elasticity can be quantified as the ratio of the percentage change in one variable to the percentage change in another variable, when the latter variable has a causal influence on the former.

Question 395

responsiveness

Answer 395

reactivity | - Elasticity is a tool for measuring the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another, causative variable.

Question 396

causative

Answer 396

سبب شونده | - Elasticity is a tool for measuring the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another, causative variable.

Question 397

turning point

Answer 397

نقطه عطف - Nevertheless, the model’s ability to capture the turning point in the epidemic, from exponential growth to gradual decline, is quite remarkable.

Question 398

boom and boost pattern

Answer 398

الگوی جهش و افول - The positive feedback generating growth while the negative feedbacks deter usage which results in boom and boost pattern.

Question 399

outline

Answer 399

- The feedback structure outlined in the Figure is quite general and applies to any harmful drug, legal or illegal.

Question 400

overconfidence

Answer 400

- Overconfidence is one of the most robust judgmental biases documented in the psychological literature.

Question 401

debate over sth

Answer 401

- They are considering the debates over global warming.

Question 402

versatile

Answer 402

skilled, skillful, able | Personally, I found this old school method to be extremely useful and versatile.

Question 403

lose track/trace of sth/sbd

Answer 403

- However, Citavi frees you from worrying about losing track of your sources and all the tasks related to your project.

Question 404

continue to do so

Answer 404

- In each discipline knowledge has accumulated over the centuries and continues to do so.

Question 405

disseminate

Answer 405

spread, disperse | - In the age of digital texts and electronic storage, knowledge can now be disseminated faster than ever before.

Question 406

lament

Answer 406

تاسف خوردن | - The political scientist John Naisbitt has lamented that we are drowning in information but starved for knowledge.

Question 407

drown

Answer 407

غرق شدن | - The political scientist John Naisbitt has lamented that we are drowning in information but starved for knowledge.

Question 408

starve

Answer 408

از گرسنگی مردن | - The political scientist John Naisbitt has lamented that we are drowning in information but starved for knowledge.

Question 409

dilemma

Answer 409

وضع دشوار، دوراهی | - Dilemma is a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives.

Question 410

obtain

Answer 410

take, catch, grab | - Cheap and good information cannot be obtained quickly.

Question 411

judge sth on its own merit | judge someone on one's own merit

Answer 411

- Please judge Janet on her own merits. - I was judged on my own merits. - The proposal has not been judged on its own merits.

Question 412

retention

Answer 412

keeping, preservation, memory | - The method provides guides for information retention.

Question 413

long after

Answer 413

- Abstracts make it easier to assess whether or not an article is worth reading, and they also make it easier to remember what an article was about long after you’ve read it.

Question 414

excerpt

Answer 414

take (a short extract) from a text - The notes are excerpted from his forthcoming biography. - Excerpting important text passages is particularly easy if you have the full text in PDF format.

Question 415

paraphrase

Answer 415

express the meaning of using different words, especially to achieve greater clarity - You can either quote or paraphrase literary texts.

Question 416

be about to

Answer 416

approximately, nearly, almost - The job is about done. - I'm about to finish working with a particular source.

Question 417

retentive

Answer 417

- He has a strong retentive memory.

Question 418

preserve

Answer 418

retain, keep - You should also be able to integrate it with other information and your own knowledge and preserve it so that you can use it again.

Question 419

drawback

Answer 419

bug, difficulty, disadvantage, impediment | - This method also has the drawback that it doesn’t allow you to trace relationships between texts.

Question 420

juxtapose

Answer 420

place or deal with close together for contrasting effect پهلوی هم گذاشتن - You can even juxtapose a quotation from one author with a quotation from another.

Question 421

leeway

Answer 421

راه گریز، آزادی - Regardless of how much leeway you have, a logical structure is always expected. - The leeway is only about 2°.

Question 422

flesh sth out

Answer 422

fill out, fatten, expand, become more substantial | - I fleshed it out with every reference, quotation, and thought.

Question 423

whichever

Answer 423

- Whichever routes you ultimately take, that general roadmap may serve as a useful guide.

Question 424

disclose

Answer 424

reveal, give away, manifest فاش کردن، آشکار کردن - Writing a research paper requires you to disclose your methods so that others can reproduce your results,

Question 425

come up with

Answer 425

to think of, develop, find sth, to bring forth - They've tried to come up with a solution. - Over the summer they're hoping to come up with 100,000 volunteers. - They came up with a cure for the disease.

Question 426

group sth into

Answer 426

- Writing an academic research paper involves many individual tasks which can be grouped into different stages.

Question 427

pay off

Answer 427

to yield profits; to result in benefits | - Using Citavi will pay off during the Research.

Question 428

narrow down

Answer 428

to reduce a list of possibilities from many to a selected few - We can narrow the choice down to green or red. - Define the question, narrow down the materials you will use.

Question 429

refine

Answer 429

- By taking a look at abstracts in articles that are relevant to your topic, you can further refine the formulation of your research questions.

Question 430

wrapped up in

Answer 430

Completely immersed or absorbed in - At the first steps, it makes sense not to get too wrapped up in Details. - She is wrapped up in her studies. - They were wrapped up in criminal activities.

Question 431

sift

Answer 431

غربال کردن، الک کردن، وارسی کردن - You often need to sift through irrelevant, disorganized, obscure, and inaccurate information to find relevant and appropriate sources.

Question 432

error-free

Answer 432

- The quality and reliability of the information can fluctuate and the Information cannot always be assumed to be error-free.

Question 433

every once in a while

Answer 433

From time to time, occasionally | - Every once in a while an online database will appear to offer a standard export format.

Question 434

excerpt sth from sth

Answer 434

to select a part of something from the whole | - A few paragraphs had been excerpted from the film as an example.

Question 435

reproducibility

Answer 435

- The reproducibility of methods and results is one of the cornerstones of academic writing and should inform how you write your paper.

Question 436

cornerstone

Answer 436

سنگ بنا - The reproducibility of methods and results is one of the cornerstones of academic writing and should inform how you write your paper.

Question 437

jargon

Answer 437

زبان یک صنف خاص - Do not overload your paper with jargon in an attempt to sound more scholarly as this often fails.

Question 438

lay out

Answer 438

to arrange according to a plan, to display - Your thought process and conclusions should also be laid out in a logical way.

Question 439

leverage

Answer 439

to exert power / influence on sth - Learn how to leverage the medium's strengths and minimize its weaknesses. - There is a way to leverage existing relationships in a shared business model. - Development in the Region involves leveraging existing regional assets.

Question 440

symbiotic relationship

Answer 440

رابطه همزیستی | - A symbiotic relationship exist between Miami port and Miami intl. Airport.

Question 441

entail

Answer 441

مستلزم (متضمن) چیزی بودن - The investment entailed a high risk. - ACD may entails large capital-incentive Projects.

Question 442

designation

Answer 442

specification, Determination تعیین، تشخیص - The Airport has applied for foreign trade Zone Designation to Support tax-free manufacturing.

Question 443

nonbinding

Answer 443

غیرالزام آور | - Airport officials invited 9 neighboring jurisdications to sign a nonbinding MoU.

Question 444

be grounded

Answer 444

based on - The movie is grounded in fact. - The Research is grounded in the literature of Airport structure.

Question 445

at odds

Answer 445

در تضاد | - These two chapters are not necessarily at odds.

Question 446

departure from ...

Answer 446

واگرایی از، جدا شدن از | - The purpose of this chapter is a Major departure from dominant themes.

Question 447

postulate

Answer 447

انگاره، ادعا، پذیره | - The General prespective arise from a minimal set of Basic postulates or ideas.

Question 448

hereafter

Answer 448

- Here, a list of Cargo Carrieres (hereafte CC).

Question 449

obviousness

Answer 449

Despite the obviousness of the idea, there are a few who attempted to identify the city region.

Question 450

amalgam

Answer 450

mixture, blend ملقمه - The city Region is an amalgam of activity centers.

Question 451

immediate vicinity

Answer 451

مجاورت، بستگی proximity, dependency, Connection - There are certainly some jobs to be had in the immediate vicinity of an Airport.

Question 452

be taken for granted

Answer 452

to be considered innately true or real | -Many studies have taken that assumption for granted.

Question 453

accrue

Answer 453

اضافه شدن، منتچ گردیدن - It is the Region, where the benefits of airport accrue. - Financial benefits will accrue from renovation.

Question 454

rivalry

Answer 454

رقابت، هم آوری، هم چشمی - As the land-use within a certain distance of the Airport is a scarce source, spatial developments induced by the economic effects of Airports also produce land-use rivalry.

Question 455

decisiveness

Answer 455

قاطعیت | - his very decisiveness sometimes gave the impression that his judgments were hasty.

Question 456

multiplier

Answer 456

افزاینده، فکتور، ضرب کننده | - He Claims that the economic Multipliers often used to describe airports' economic effects are unmeaningful.

Question 457

profound

Answer 457

deep, deep-rooted عمیق، عمقی - The effects of aviation on urban planning are profound. - Airports made profound changes to the economic and geographic structure of American cities.

Question 458

fall into disuse

Answer 458

- The Airport facilities have fallen into disuse after the war.

Question 459

pay off

Answer 459

to have good results | - Their persistent efforts paid off.

Question 460

spring up

Answer 460

to appear or develop suddenly - When the flowers sprang up, we knew it was spring. - New loci of Business activities sprang up around Airports.

Question 461

loci

Answer 461

Location, place | - New loci of Business activities sprang up around Airports.

Question 462

proponent

Answer 462

طفدار، استدلال کننده - Local aviation proponents played a crucial role in fostering these changes by campaigning for increased airline services.

Question 463

foster

Answer 463

encourage, cultivate, stimulate - Local aviation proponents played a crucial role in fostering these changes by campaigning for increased airline services.

Question 464

nexus

Answer 464

relation, connection, dynasty پیوند، ارتباط - He observed how airports were creating new suburban Centers as a nexus between pruducers and suppliers.

Question 465

multifaceted

Answer 465

چندوجهی | - Airports are transport nodes that have morphed into multifaceted Business Enterprises.

Question 466

outgrowth

Answer 466

result, outcome, consequence, conclusion, effect | - The idea emerges as an outgrowth and Integration of Kasarda's work.

Question 467

outlying

Answer 467

دور از مرکز | - The aerotropolis consists of a core ‘‘airport city’’ with outlying aviation-oiented Business precincts.

Question 468

precinct

Answer 468

enclosure, area, realm, part | - The aerotropolis consists of a core ‘‘airport city’’ with outlying aviation-oiented Business precincts.

Question 469

pillar

Answer 469

رکن، پایه | They utilized the three conventional pillars of sustainable development: economic, environmental, and social.

Question 470

pertain

Answer 470

مربوط بودن، متعلق بودن | Governance pertains to how better planning frameworks have been addressed.

Question 471

in the aggregate

Answer 471

در مجموع | Unit sales for December amounted in the aggregate to 100,000.

Question 472

differentially

Answer 472

متفاوت | - Some of the factors that differentially promote airport economic development have already been highlighted.

Question 473

impede

Answer 473

- Lack of interstate highway access has impeded the development of Transpark.

Question 474

overshadow

Answer 474

تحت اشعاع قرار دادن | - The development plan was completely overshadowed by the new logistics park.

Question 475

jaxtapose

Answer 475

place or deal with close together for contrasting effect پیش هم گذاشتن، پهلوی هم قرار گرفتن - Inevitably, the spaces of the haves are juxtaposed with the spaces of the have-nots as cities splinter into archipelagos of privileged and exclusionist spaces.

Question 476

inevitably

Answer 476

به ناچار - Inevitably, the spaces of the haves are juxtaposed with the spaces of the have-nots as cities splinter into archipelagos of privileged and exclusionist spaces.

Question 477

splinter into

Answer 477

break or cause to break into small sharp fragments | - The cities splinter into

Question 478

archipelago

Answer 478

مجمع الجزایر | - Cities splinter into archipelagos of privileged and exclusionist spaces.

Question 479

crossfire

Answer 479

gunfire from two or more directions passing through the same area - Airport regions lie in the crossfire of differing ambitions.

Question 480

tacitly

Answer 480

به طور ضمنی | - Other models tacitly imply that sustainable developments must be linked to area-based consultation mechanism.

Question 481

set apart from

Answer 481

متفاوت کردن، جدا کردن - One characteristics that sets apart SD from other methods is that it doesn't aim to give a detailed forecast of the future.

Question 482

sustain

Answer 482

متحمل شدن، نگه داشتن، تحمل کردن | - The relationship between economic growth and the resources that sustain it, is dinamic and constantly changing.

Question 483

extrapolate

Answer 483

generalize, infer تعمیم دادن - The guidlines can be easily extrapolated to other cases.

Question 484

undergo

Answer 484

متحمل چیزی شدن | - The dominant positive Loop causes the System to undergo an exponential take-off.

Question 485

assortment

Answer 485

طبقه بندی taxonomy, classification, grouping - There is quite an assortment of models.

Question 486

slanted

Answer 486

تحریف شده | - Their views are slanted because of their political beliefs.

Question 487

govern

Answer 487

حکومت کردن، کنترل کردن | - SD model is determined by the equations govern the the relationships between different variables.

Question 488

payoff

Answer 488

outcome | - The implementation may seem a bit cumbersome at first, but the payoff can be well worth the effort.

Question 489

perimeter

Answer 489

environment, surroundings, Setting | - A city is a Perimeter, inside which lies the population.

Question 490

occurrence

Answer 490

Happening, outbreak, Event | - The output of an event has impacts on the occurrence of other Events.

Question 491

eradicate

Answer 491

ریشه کن کردن | - Our analytical ability and technical brilliance is directed toward eradicating the source of inefficiencies.

Question 492

blame casting

Answer 492

بهانه تراشی، سرزنش کردن | - They will yield only as we reclaim our Intuition and stop casting blame.

Question 493

courage and wisdom

Answer 493

شجاعت و حکمت | - They have to find the Courage and wisdom to restructure the System.

Question 494

as the saying goes

Answer 494

به قول معروف | - As the sying goes, you can't see the forest for the trees.

Question 495

perpetuation

Answer 495

تداوم | - An important function of almost every system is to ensure its own perpetuation.

Question 496

discharge

Answer 496

تخلیه/مرخص/عزل کردن - They discharged a lot of water through the dam. - He was discharged from the Hospital soon after registration. - He discharged all department staff.

Question 497

insignificant

Answer 497

ناچیز | - In the bath tub example, the Evaporation is assumed to be insignificant.

Question 498

breakthrough

Answer 498

دستیابی به موفقیت | - A breakthrough in energy efficiency is equivalent to the discovery of a new oil field.

Question 499

wear out

Answer 499

کهنه و فرسوده شدن | - The rate at which factories wear out should be decreased.

Question 500

leaps and bounds

Answer 500

فراز و نشیب | - The stock grows by leaps and bounds, seems that it is held within a certain behavior.

Question 501

perk up

Answer 501

گرفتن energize, stimulate - I just wanted to grab a black stuff to perk me again!

Question 502

grapple with

Answer 502

دست و پنجه نرم کردن to deal with a problem; to get a "good hold" on a Problem - Some parts of the world are grappling with overpopulation.

Question 503

susceptibility to

Answer 503

استعداد، قابلیت، حساسیت | - lack of exercise increases susceptibility to disease

Question 504

henceforth

Answer 504

از این به بعد | - When discussing fire management henceforth, the focus is on managing fire damages.

Question 505

managerial prescriptions

Answer 505

- A better understanding of dynamical interactions can improve the managerial prescriptions.

Question 506

incrementally

Answer 506

تدریجی | - Feedbacks among the system components incrementally adjust the state of the system.

Question 507

dampen

Answer 507

تعدیل کردن make less strong or intense - Some feedbacks amplify and some others dampen the effects of original change.

Question 508

endemic

Answer 508

بومی، همه گیر | - Self-regulating systems are endemic in nature and society.

Question 509

increment

Answer 509

افزایش | - For each increment of time, SD adjusts the Level of each variable.

Question 510

contend

Answer 510

ادعا کردن، ستیزه کردن | - Some authors contend that excess fuel accumulation is a direct consequence of fire exclusion.

Question 511

quotient

Answer 511

خارج قسمت | - This dimensionless variable is the quotient of two variables

Question 512

to accord with

Answer 512

to agree with or match up with sth منطبق بودن، سازگار بودن، مطابق بودن - That accords with the views of many experts who contend that the strategy was wrong.

Question 513

resonate with

Answer 513

to feel shared emotions/beliefs w sth/sbd, to correspond closely or harmoniously w sth همصدا شدن، همنوا شدن - Their Actions resonate emotionally and psychologically with public opinion.

Question 514

in accord with

Answer 514

pursuant to هماهنگ با، در توافق با - They acted in accord with their personal characteristics.

Question 515

notion

Answer 515

concept, theory, thought, belief مفهوم، تصور، عقیده - The notion of equilibrium in a forest ecosystem may be a bit contrived.

Question 516

contrived

Answer 516

improvised, prepared, designed ساختگی - The notion of equilibrium in a forest ecosystem may be a bit contrived.

Question 517

in flux

Answer 517

in constant change; ever-changing | - The system is constantly in flux.

Question 518

propel

Answer 518

lead, direct سوق دادن - This strategy propels efforts to Suppression.

Question 519

eventually

Answer 519

در نهایت، بالاخره | - Eventually, after midnight, I arrived at the Hotel.

Question 520

stem from

Answer 520

to result from something ناشی شدن از - These problems all stem from your mismanagement.

Question 521

outperform

Answer 521

to surpass in excellence of performance; do better than | - World traffic has always outperformed world economic growth

Question 522

converge

Answer 522

meet, merge, approach همگرا شدن، همگرا بودن - Jay Forrester says everything he has ever done has converged to become system dynamics.

Question 523

intricate

Answer 523

complex, complicated - The intricate role of airports in the economy has made the science of economic impact analysis more complicated, justifying a new look at how such studies are conducted.

Question 524

refinement

Answer 524

purification, edification | - They have incorporated a number of refinements to address the problems identified in the study.

Question 525

inexhaustible

Answer 525

- The cloud in a flow diagram is a stock with inexhaustible content.

Question 526

residue

Answer 526

- The process caused the creation of a large number of chemicals, both in the quality of primary materials and in the residues.

Question 527

intoxication

Answer 527

- As a bartender, you need to know the signs of intoxication because it's your legal responsibility.

Question 528

mitigation

Answer 528

- They started to implement mitigation measures after they analysed the risk of pollution.

Question 529

emplacement

Answer 529

positioning, locating - The emplacement of the area was of great importance for the trade between Iran, India, China and the former Mediterranean provinces of the Roman Empire.