System Neuroanatomy Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
Brodmann area 3,1,2
A
Primary somatosensory cortex
2
Q
Brodmann area 4
A
Primary motor cortex
3
Q
Brodmann area 5 and 7
A
Somatosensory association cortex
4
Q
Brodmann area 6
A
Premotor cortex (PMC) and supplementary motor cortex (SMC)
5
Q
Brodmann areas 17 and 18
A
Primary visual cortex V1 (17) and secondary visual cortex V2 (18)
6
Q
Brodmann areas 41 and 42
A
Auditory cortex
7
Q
What does the triune brain model tell us?
A
The brain is 3 different smaller brains piled on top of each other with conflicting processes
8
Q
Cranial nerve I
A
Olfactory nerve: smell
9
Q
Cranial nerve II
A
Optic nerve: vision
10
Q
Cranial nerve III
A
Opthalamic: eye movement
11
Q
Cranial nerve IV
A
Trochlear: eye movement
12
Q
Cranial nerve V
A
Trigeminal: face, sinuses, teeth, and jaw muscles (chewing)
13
Q
Cranial nerve VI
A
Abducens: eye movement
14
Q
Cranial nerve VII
A
Facial: tongue, soft palate, facial muscles, salivary glands, tear glands, taste
15
Q
Cranial nerve VIII
A
Vestibulocochlear: hearing and balance
16
Q
Cranial nerve IX
A
Glossopharyngeal: throat muscles, taste, gag reflex
17
Q
Cranial nerve X
A
Vagus: parasympathetic innervation and gag reflex
18
Q
Cranial nerve XI
A
Spinal accessory: neck muscles
19
Q
Cranial nerve XII
A
Hypoglossal: tongue muscles
20
Q
Acronym for knowing whether a nerve is sensory or motor or both
A
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
21
Q
Acronym for cranial nerves
A
- Oh oh oh to touch and feel very good velvet ah heaven
- Olfactory optic oculomotor trochlear trigeminal abducens facial vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal vagus (spinal) accessory hypoglossal
22
Q
Coronal plane
A
Vertical plane
23
Q
Spinal nerves from top to bottom
A
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
24
Q
Number of each spinal nerve
A
- Cervical: 8
- Thoracic: 12
- Lumbar: 5
- Sacral: 5
- Coccygeal: 1
25
What hormone does the parasympathetic nervous system use
Acetylcholine ONLY
26
What hormone does the sympathetic nervous system use
Preganglionic neurons use acetylcholine, post ganglionic neurons use norepinephrine
27
Which autonomic NS has longer axons
Parasympathetic axons are longer
28
What is the organization of neurons in the parasympathetic NS
Most neurons come from the brain stem, while the other few come from sacral sections of the spinal cord
29
What is medial to the internal capsule
Caudate and the thalamus
30
What's lateral to the internal capsule
Putamen and globus pallidus
31
What two divisions make up the forebrain
Telencephalon and diencephalon
32
What is the telencephalon made out of
Cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
33
What does the diencephalon consist of
Thalamus and hypothalamus
34
What are the two divisions of the hindbrain
Metencephalon and myelencephalon
35
What is the metencephalon consist of
Cerebellum and pons
36
What is the myelencephalon
Medulla
37
Precentral gyrus
Primary somatosensory cortex
38
Postcentral gyrus
Primary motor cortex
39
Tract
Bundle of axons in the CNS
40
Nerve
Bundle of axons in the PNS
41
What layer of cortex do pyramidal cells have their cell bodies in
Layers III or IV
42
Components of the limbic system
Amygdala, mamillary bodies, fornix, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus
43
Stria terminalis
Provides reciprocal connection between hypothalamus and amygdala
44
Tectum
Roof of the midbrain
45
What two structures are present in the midbrain
Colliculi and red nucleus
46
Purkinje cells
A large type of nerve cell in the middle layer of the cerebellum
47
Granule cell
A small never cell that makes up the largest and deepest layer of the cerebellum
48
How are the parallel fibers of the cerebellum made
The axons of the granule cells rise to the surface of the cerebellum to form the molecular layer (outermost layer) of the cerebellum
49
Association fibers
Connect the cortex to the cortex ipsilaterally
50
Types of association fibers
Arcuate and uncinate fasciculus, cingulum
51
Commisural fibers
Connect the cortex to the cortex contralaterally
52
Projection fibers
Connect the cortex to subcortical structures ipsilaterally
53
Types of projection tracts
Internal capsule and corona radiata
54
What role do septal nuclei play in aging
The septal nuclei have a reciprocal connection with the thalamus; loss of septal nuclei is why we lose memory as we age
55
How do you know you're looking at the limbic system
When you don't see the anterior commissure in the sagittal section
56
Part of the brain supplied by the PCA
- Lateral view: Inferior temporal gyrus and occipital lobe
- Basal view: More caudal, from cerebellum to the optic chiasm
57
Parts of the brain supplied by MCA
- Lateral view: Superior and middle temporal gyri, and everything but the top parts of the frontal and parietal lobes (everything but the edges of the brain)
- Basal view: Lateral edges of the brain
58
Parts of the brain supplied by ACA
- Lateral view: top edge of the frontal and parietal lobe
- Basal view: Rostral part of the brain, only the medial part of the brain above the optic chiasm
59
Draw the circle of Willis
Draw it or visualize!
60
Difference between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke
- Ischemic stroke: rupture in an artery causes blood leakage into the brain
- Hemorrhagic stroke: Clots or debris create a blockage of blood in the brain
61
What role do microglia play in strokes
Microglia cause the swelling of the brain in hemorrhagic strokes
62
What artery is usually the cause of a stroke
Middle cerebral artery
63
Angiography
Blood vessels are filled with an X-ray blocking dye (radiopaque) then an X-ray is taken. This provides a detailed view of the cerebral blood vessel
64
Computerized axial tomography (CT/CAT)
X-ray of different slices of the brain put together
65
Resolution of CT scans and functional use
- Medium resolution
- Makes it useful for visualizing strokes and tumors
66
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Magnetic energy is used to generate images
67
Resolution of MRI and functional use
- Higher resolution
- Reveals subtle changes in the brain such as the loss of myelin
68
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
A form of MRI where the diffusion of water in the confined space of axons (fractional anisotropy) is used to produce image of fiber tracts
69
Fractional anisotropy (FA)
Water tends to diffuse more readily along the long axis of an enclosed space such as an axon
70
DTI tractography
Using DTI to visualize the orientation and termination of white matter tracts
71
Function of DTI
Allows us to create a complete map of neural connections in our nervous system
72
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Radioactive chemicals are injected into the bloodstream and CT scans are taken to map the destination of the chemicals in the brain
73
Function of PET
Depict the brain's activity, usually done by administering glucose while subject is performing cognitive tasks
74
Functional MRI
MRI that detects changes in blood flow
75
Resolution of fMRI
- High spatial resolution
- Low temporal resolution bc it gathers data over relatively long periods of time to put them together
76
Function of fMRI
Allows us to see synaptic inputs ad local processing
77
Optical imaging
Using near-infrared light that passes easily through the scalp and skull
78
Function of optical imaging
Represent electrical signals of neurons and blood flow
79
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Stimulation of cortical neurons through application of strong magnetic fields
80
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Ultrasensitive detectors create real-time maps of cortical activity during cognitive processing
81
Resolution of MEG
- Very high temporal resolution: responds very quickly to moment-by-moment changes in brain activity
82
What did brain imaging show in someone in a coma?
Researchers asked somebody in a coma to imagine playing tennis, and the corresponding SMA and PMC had shown activity
83
Brain imaging method with fastest temporal resolution
MEG and EEG: detect very fast changes in the brain
84
Brain imaging method with slowest temporal resolution
PET
85
Brain imaging method with lowest spatial resolution
MEG and EEG: not very accurate spatial resolution, don't provide detailed images
86
Brain imaging method with highest spatial resolution
MRI/fMRI: provides very fine structural detail in images
87
6 layers of the neocortex
- Molecular
- External granular
- External pyramidal
- Internal granular
- Internal pyramidal
- Multiform/fusiform
88
Pyramidal cells
Main output neurons of the cerebral cortex and make up 75% of the cortex
89
Betz cells
A large pyramidal cell only found in the internal pyramidal layer
90
Oblique dendrite
Dendrite that branches from an apical dendrite
91
Fusiform cell
Found in the fusiform layer, and are usually projection cells
92
Stellate/granular cells
Small cells with processes that project in all planes, found everywhere except the molecular layer of cortex
93
Horizontal cells of Cajal
Only found in the molecular part of the cortex
94
Cells of Martinotti
Multipolar neurons that are most densely located within the fusiform layer
95
Example of afferent (sensory) connection
Special thalamocortical axon
96
Example of efferent connection
Recurrent collateral?
