Systematic Carbon Chemistry, Alcohols and Carboxylic acids

Question 1

What is a homologous series?

Answer 1

A family of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties.

Question 2

What is an isomer?

Answer 2

Compounds with the same molecular formula and different structural formula.

Question 3

Alkanes general formula:

Answer 3

CnH2n+2

Question 4

Alkenes general formula:

Answer 4

CnH2n

Question 5

Cycloalkanes general formula:

Answer 5

CnH2n

Question 6

Cycloalkenes general formula:

Answer 6

CnH2n-2

Question 7

What are alcohols containing 2 hydroxyl groups called?

Answer 7

Diols

Question 8

What are alcohols containing 3 hydroxyl groups called?

Answer 8

Triols

Question 9

Where is the hydroxyl group in a primary alcohol?

Answer 9

At the end of the carbon chain.

Question 10

Where is the hydroxyl group in a secondary alcohol?

Answer 10

In the middle of the carbon chain.

Question 11

Where is the hydroxyl group in a tertiary alcohol?

Answer 11

On the same carbon atom as a branch, bonded to a carbon, which is bonded the three other carbons.

Question 12

What does the oxidation of a primary alcohol make?

Example of one…

Answer 12

An aldehyde. Propanal

Question 13

What does the oxidation of a secondary alcohol make?

Example of one…

Answer 13

A ketone. Propanone

Question 14

What does the oxidation of a tertiary alcohol make?

Answer 14

Nothing, they don’t react easily.

Question 15

What does the oxidation of an aldehyde make?

Example of one…

Answer 15

A carboxylic acid. Propanoic acid.

Question 16

Functional group of an alcohol…

Answer 16

Hydroxyl.

Question 17

Functional group of an aldedyde and a ketone…

Answer 17

Carbonyl

Question 18

Functional group of a carboxylic acid…

Answer 18

Carboxyl

Question 19

Alcohol Properties:

Answer 19

Flammable.

Low melting point/boiling point mostly liquids at room temperature.

Hydrogen Bonding

pH - solutions of alcohols are neutral

Question 20

Properties of Carboxylic acids:

Answer 20

They partially dissociate to form H+ ions and Carboxylate ions.

Question 21

What does, carboxylic acid + metal oxide form?

Example:

Answer 21

Carboxylate salt + water

Ethanoic acid + Copper(II) oxide → copper ethanoate + water

Question 22

What does, carboxylic acid + metal hydroxide form?

Example:

Answer 22

Carboxylate salt + water

Methanoic acid + Sodium hydroxide → Sodium Methanoate + water

Question 23

What does, carboxylic acid + metal carbonate form?

Example:

Answer 23

Carboxylate salt + water + carbon dioxide

propanoic acid + calcium carbonate → calcium propanoate + water + carbon dioxide

Question 24

Colour change for acidified potassium dichromate.

Answer 24

From orange to green.

Question 25

Colour change for Benedict's/Fehling's Solution.

Answer 25

From blue to brick red.

Question 26

Colour change for Tollens reagent.

Answer 26

From colourless to silver(mirror)

Question 27

Colour change for copper oxide.

Answer 27

From Black to red.

Question 28

What are many flavour molecules?

Answer 28

Aldehydes.

Question 29

Volatility meaning:

Answer 29

How easily something evaporates.

Question 30

What are Antioxidants?

Answer 30

Antioxidants are molecules that prevent unwanted oxidation reactions ocurring. They are easily oxidised, and oxidise in place of the compounds they have been added to protect. Since they are easily oxidised, antioxidants are reducing agents.

Question 31

What happens to edible fats and oils if they oxidise?

Answer 31

They become rancid.

Question 32

What does immiscible mean?

Answer 32

Liquids which have little or no mutual solubility. Oils are immiscible with water.