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Mnemonics in Ophthalmology > Systemic disease and the eye > Flashcards

Systemic disease and the eye Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy pathophysiology:

A

Problems with autoregulation of blood flow in the precapillary and capillary lead to ischemia.

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2
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy grading:

A

0-4

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3
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy grade 0 finding:

A

No change

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4
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy grade 1 finding:

A

Minimal arterial narrowing (segmental or the entire vessel)

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5
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy grade 2 finding:

A

Venous narrowing at AV crossing

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6
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy grade 3 finding:

A

DBP of 110
Retinal bleeding (dot, Blot, Flame)
Cotton wool spot
NO microaneurysms.

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7
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy grade 4 finding:

A

DBP 130, SBP 200

Swollen disc

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8
Q

Contrary to diabetic retinopathy, there are no_____ in Hypertensive retinopathy.

A

no microaneurysms.

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9
Q

changes in ____ grades are due to chronic hypertension, and changes in _____grade are due to acute hypertension

A

changes in 1-2 grades are due to chronic hypertension, and changes in 3-4 grades are due to acute hypertension

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10
Q

______ Blood pressure is more important for RF

A

DBP

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11
Q

In the 3-4 hypertensive retinopathy grades there is _____ involvement, that can lead to ______

A

Choroidal, RD due to fluid escaping (serotic)

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12
Q

Can VA remain damaged after signs have passed?

A

Yes, especially damage to ON, macula, RPE

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13
Q

Graves ophthalmopathy - the percentage of hypo, EU, and hyper thyroidsim.

A

5% - EU
1% - hypo
Above 90% - hyper

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14
Q

Graves ophthalmopathy - There is a correlation between the degree of thyroid disease and the degree of ophthalmopathy. True/False?

A

False! There is NO correlation between the degree of thyroid disease and the degree of ophthalmopathy.

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15
Q

Graves ophthalmopathy - ocular involvement can be remembered through _____.

A

NO SPECS:
N - no signs
O - Only signs

S - Soft tissue 
P - Proptosis
E - Extraocular muscles involvement
C - Corneal damage
S - sight loss
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16
Q

Graves ophthalmopathy - What is the soft tissue involvement?

A

Lids: lid lag, lid swelling
Conjunctiva: not diffuse (at the insertion of the muscles)

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17
Q

Graves ophthalmopathy - Extraocular muscles involvement is progress in what pattern?

A

Starts at the IR and continues in a counter-clockwise fashion.

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18
Q

Graves ophthalmopathy - Extraocular muscles involvement pathology?

May lead to?

A

Spindle hypertrophy and doesn’t involve the tendons, and may lead to diplopia.

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19
Q

Graves ophthalmopathy - Corneal damage pathophysiology?

A

Exposure keratopathy (SPK is usually seen)

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20
Q

Graves ophthalmopathy - sight loss is due to _____

A

Pressure on the ON

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21
Q

Graves ophthalmopathy - therapy:

A

דרדס

דמעות
רדיולוגי
דה-קומפרסיה
סטרואידים

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22
Q

RA ophthalmopathy - ocular involvement can be remembered through _____.

A

Dry CURVES

Dry - kertocunjictivitis sicca
C - Choroiditis
U - Ulceration
R - RD
V - Vasculitis
E - Episcleritis
S - Scleritis
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23
Q

Kertocunjictivitis sicca - Dx?

A

Schirmer dry eye test - <5mm in 5 minutes

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24
Q

Kertocunjictivitis sicca - Tx?

A

Tear replacement, Punctum plug

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25
Episcleritis vs Scleritis finding?
``` The 5 P's - Scleritis presents with: P - Pain P - Purple (red-purple) P - Photophobia P - profound (deep) vessel involvement P - Phenyephrine test positive ```
26
Scleritis can be seen with?
``` WIPS: W - Wegner I - IBD P - PAN S - SLE ```
27
Scleritis mandates _____.
systemic review
28
Episcleritis vs Scleritis vs Nec. Scleritis finding Tx.
Episcleritis - Tears + NSAIDS/ Steroid drops Scleritis - systemic steroid therapy. Nec. Scleritis - surgical with immunosuppressive and cytotoxic therapy.
29
Corneal ulceration Tx:
surgical, steroids, cytotoxic therapy.
30
JRA uveitis- % of uveitis, and most common type of JRA
80%, Pauciarticular.
31
JRA uveitis - possible complications
CaGeS: C - Cataracts G - Glaucoma S - Sight loss
32
JRA uveitis - signs:
``` K-SHIP: K - Kerato-precipitants (KP, on the endothelial side) S - Sight loss H - Hypopion I - IOP P - Pain ```
33
JRA uveitis - Tx:
Steroids and Cycloplegia (to prevent posterior synechiae)
34
Spondyloarthropathies uveitis percentage involvement?
``` RAPI! R - Reiter, 40% A - Ankylosis spondylitis, 25% P - Psoriatic arthritis, 20% I - IBD, 10% ```
35
Important milestones:
2 months (6-8 weeks) - social smile 2.5 months (8-10 weeks) - 180 degree follow 2-3 months - fixation reflex 4 months - reaching attempts
36
Children vision analysis?
``` BS CHiC B - Behavior fixation S - Shaps usage C - Cards (acuity) H - HOTV C - Chart (snellen) ```
37
Bad signs regardind children vision loss:
Light WORN: Light indifference W - Wandering eye movements O - Oculodigital sign R - Response lacking N - Nystagmus
38
Phoria VS Tropia
Phoria - only in specific situations | Tropia - most of the time (can be intermittent or constant)
39
Strabismus - light reflex tests:
Hirshberg test and krimsky test
40
Hirshberg test - every 1 mm means a deviation of_____
7 degrees or 15 prism diopters
41
Pseudo-Strabismus happens when____
difference of epicanthal folds
42
Strabismus workup tests:
light reflex tests or cover/uncover test or mix.
43
Congenital vs acquired strabismus:
before or after 6 months
44
Fixation behavior strabismus classification:
Alternating fixation - both eyes display strabismus. monocular fixation - only one eye fixates.
45
Strabismus etiologies:
``` CAIR: Congenital A - Accommodative I - Idiopathic R - Restrictive ```
46
Strabismus workup:
``` FARMS: F - Fundoscopy A - Accuity R - Refraction M - movement exam S - Slit lamp ```
47
Two common pathologies leading to strabismus:
Rb and Occilcutaneus albinism
48
Every _____ finding mandates an ophthalmology exam
Strabismus
49
Accommodative esotropia pathophysiology:
Hypermetropia (+2 to +10) -> Accommodation + Miosis + Convergence -> esotropia
50
Accommodative esotropia peak onset: | Age
2-3 years old.
51
Accommodative esotropia Tx:
Glasses.
52
Congenital esotropia mnemonic
"Most common Uppedy BItCH" The most common type of strabismus. Vertical componnent (UP) B - Bilateral I - Idiopathic C - Cross fixation H - Hypermetropia
53
Congenital exotropia is accompanied by ___ and thus mandates ____
EXotropia has EXtra stuff. | Many systemic, Neurologic, structural (skull) diseases. Pediatric neurologist and imaging (CT or MRI)
54
Intermittent exotropia is a type of ____ strabismus
Divergent
55
When does Intermittent exotropia usually present?
6 months to 4 years
56
Intermittent exotropia goes away when looking at ______
nearby objects
57
Intermittent exotropia - indications for surgery
DICk D - Depth vision loss I - Incidence increase (above 50%) C - Close object exotropia
58
Strabismus Tx:
The BG'S B - Botox G - Glasses (prism/accommodation) S - Surgery (Resection/Recession)
59
Amblyopia etiologies:
SAD I (eye) S - Strabismic A - Anisometropic D - Deprivation of sensory info (most common) I - Isometropic
60
Amblyopia Tx:
``` PULP: P - Patch U - Underlying cause L - Lens P - Penaziation (Atropin, unfitting glasses) ```
61
Sensory deprivation Amblyopia common position of the kid
chin-up
62
Sensory deprivation Amblyopia common position of the kid
chin-up
63
Anisometropic amblyopia - amblyopia is worse with hyperopia or myopia?
hyperopia
64
Amblyopia is seen when there is VA difference between the eye that is at least ______
VA difference between the eye that is at least 2 rows
65
Amblyopia incidence in the general population?
2.5%
66
Amblyopia - what is the critical period?
The period at which the child should have a clear image projected on both retinas together - allows for the proper maturation of the visual brain. From a week to the first months of life.
67
Amblyopia - what is the amblyopic period?
The period at which the maturation of the visual brain is complete. About 7-8 years of age.

Mnemonics in Ophthalmology (16 decks)

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