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Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialized cell that can produce various specialized cells

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  1. Skeletal
    - striated
    - attaches to bone
    Found in limbs, where body needs support
  2. Smooth
    - cells taper at both ends, do not have striated appearance
    -blood vessels, internal organs
  3. Cardiac
    - branched, unevenly striated
    - contracts as a unit
    - only found in heart
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3
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue?

A
  1. Bone
    - calcium hardened tissue, blood vessels run through
    - need for movement, support, protection
  2. Fat (adipose tissue)
    - made of large, tightly packed cells
    - found under skin and around organs
    - needed for energy storage, padding and insulation
  3. Blood
    - includes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets within a straw colored liquid called plasma
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4
Q

Parts of digestive system

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx (throat)
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small intestine (duodenum, jejenum, ilium)
  6. Large intestine (colon)
  7. Rectum
  8. Anus

Accessory organs
- salivary glands
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas

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5
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

A

1) Transport O2 to tissues and CO2 from tissues
2) Deliver nutrients and remove waste
3) Circulate hormones
4) Maintain internal temperature

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6
Q

What is the role of the right side of the heart?

A

Pulmonary circulation: removes CO2 and takes O2

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7
Q

What is the role of the left side of the heart?

A

Systemic circulation: delivers O2 and removes CO2

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8
Q

What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

A

Link the pulmonary to the systemic circuit: drop off CO2/get O2 in lungs and drop off O2/get CO2 in tissues

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of veins?

A

Thin walls, not muscular, have valves, and carry blood low in O2

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of arteries?

A

Thick walls, smooth muscle (blood pressure), no valves, and carry blood rich in O2

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11
Q

How many chambers does the human heart have?

A

4 chambers with O2 and deoxygenated blood separated

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12
Q

What are the two phases of the respiratory system?

A

Inspiration and expiration.

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13
Q

What happens to air when it enters the nose?

A

It is filtered by hair and mucus, heated, and moistened.

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14
Q

What is the pathway of air after entering the nostrils?

A

Air passes to the pharynx.

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15
Q

What role does the epiglottis play in respiration?

A

It remains open during breathing and closes when swallowing.

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16
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

It protects the pharynx.

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17
Q

What is the pathway of air after the trachea?

A

Air divides at the bronchus.

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18
Q

What happens to air in the bronchioles?

A

It passes into the alveoli.

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19
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

A

In the alveoli, which are full of capillaries.

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20
Q

What controls respiration?

A

The diaphragm.

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21
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

A

Inhalation occurs.

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22
Q

What happens when the diaphragm relaxes?

A

Exhalation occurs.

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23
Q

What separates the chest/lung from the digestive system?

A

The diaphragm.

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24
Q

What is the first stage of respiration?

A

The brain controls breathing rate in response to CO2 levels in tissues.

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25
What occurs in the second stage of respiration?
The diaphragm contracts, and the thoracic cavity increases in space.
26
What happens during gas exchange?
Atmospheric air moves from high concentration to low concentration.
27
What occurs when the diaphragm releases?
It pushes up on the lungs and forces out air high in CO2.
28
What is ultrasound imaging?
Ultrasound imaging uses acoustic waves, which tissues of different densities rebound differently.
29
What is a benefit of ultrasound imaging?
Ultrasound imaging is useful for low cost imaging.
30
How do X-rays work?
X-rays use radiation that passes through tissue but not bone.
31
What is a common use for X-rays?
X-rays are used for low cost bone/tooth imaging.
32
What does a CT scan do?
A CT scan, or computed tomography, uses rotating X-ray tubes.
33
What is a benefit of CT scans?
CT scans are useful for screening of certain diseases.
34
What is MRI scanning?
MRI scanning, or magnetic resonance imaging, uses a magnetic field to excite atoms.
35
What is a key feature of MRI scans?
MRI scans provide detailed images of living tissue.
36
What is the origin of the word 'striation'?
Modern Latin word meaning strip or streak
37
How many main types of tissues are there in animals?
Four main tissues: epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective
38
What are the main functions of epithelial tissues?
Line the surfaces of the body, act as a body covering, and form barriers
39
What characterizes skin epithelia?
Made of thin, flat cells that form sheets and act as a semi-permeable barrier
40
What type of epithelial tissue lines the small intestine?
Columnar epithelia
41
What are the main functions of muscle tissues?
Designed to change shape, act by shortening or lengthening
42
What is a defining feature of skeletal muscle?
Cells line up in the same direction, making the tissue look striped or striated
43
Where is skeletal muscle primarily found?
Attaches to bone, found in limbs and areas needing support
44
What is the appearance of smooth muscle cells?
Tapered at both ends and do not have a striated appearance
45
Where is smooth muscle typically found?
In blood vessels and walls of internal organs like the esophagus and stomach
46
How does the contraction speed of smooth muscle compare to skeletal muscle?
Contracts more slowly than skeletal muscle but can sustain action for a long time
47
What distinguishes cardiac muscle from other muscle types?
Cells are branched, unevenly striated, and contract as a unit
48
Where is cardiac muscle found?
Only in the heart
49
Fill in the blank: Epithelial tissues are made of cells with strong connections between adjoining cell membranes, forming a _______.
barrier
50
True or False: Cardiac muscle is found in the limbs of the body.
False
51
What type of cells are found in nervous tissue?
Neurons ## Footnote Neurons have finger-like projections to receive and transfer signals.
52
What are the main functions of nervous tissue?
Coordinates body actions ## Footnote Nervous tissue relays signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands and detects information from the environment.
53
What is bone tissue made of?
Cells surrounded by calcium-hardened tissue ## Footnote Blood vessels run through this hardened tissue.
54
What roles does bone tissue play in the body?
Movement, support, protection ## Footnote Bone provides structural integrity and facilitates movement.
55
What is the primary function of connective tissue?
Strengthens, supports, protects, binds, or connects cells and tissues ## Footnote Connective tissue consists of cells in an extracellular matrix.
56
What are the three states of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
Liquid, elastic materials, mineral deposits ## Footnote Examples include blood (liquid), ligaments (elastic), and bone (mineral deposits).
57
What is adipose tissue primarily composed of?
Large, tightly packed cells ## Footnote Adipose tissue is found under the skin and around organs.
58
What is the main function of adipose tissue?
Energy storage, padding, insulation ## Footnote Adipose tissue provides thermal insulation and protects organs.
59
What components make up blood tissue?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma ## Footnote Plasma is the straw-colored liquid matrix in which these cells are suspended.
60
What are the primary functions of blood?
Transports nutrients and oxygen, clots, attacks invaders ## Footnote Blood plays a crucial role in immune response and wound healing.
61
Fill in the blank: Nervous tissue is made of cells called _______.
neurons
62
True or False: Connective tissue can take various forms, including liquid, elastic, and mineralized.
True
63
Fill in the blank: Bone tissue provides _______ for the body.
support
64
What is the appearance of adipose tissue?
Large, tightly packed cells ## Footnote This tissue is visually distinct due to the size and arrangement of its cells.
65
Describe how the appearance of tissue can give clues about its function.
Tissue appearance can indicate its structure and role in the body ## Footnote For example, tightly packed cells may indicate a role in insulation or protection.
66
What is the estimated range of cells in a typical human body?
10 trillion to 100 trillion cells
67
Define stem cell.
An unspecialized cell that can produce various specialized cells
68
What happens to stem cells as they become more specialized?
They become less versatile
69
What is cell differentiation?
The process by which a stem cell becomes specialized
70
Name the four main types of animal tissues.
* Epithelial * Connective * Muscle * Nervous
71
What is skeletal muscle also known as?
'Voluntary' muscle
72
What is smooth muscle also known as?
'Involuntary' muscle
73
Why is skeletal muscle referred to as voluntary muscle?
It can be consciously controlled
74
Why is smooth muscle referred to as involuntary muscle?
It functions without conscious control
75
What function do stem cells perform as an animal grows to adulthood?
They produce more cells for growth
76
What is the role of meristematic cells in plants?
They remain unspecialized and continue dividing
77
How do mammals compare to animals like starfish and salamanders in terms of tissue regeneration?
Mammals can replace only small amounts of tissue
78
What type of stem cells are present in early human embryos?
Totipotent stem cells
79
What can totipotent stem cells become?
Any kind of cell in the body
80
What type of stem cells are formed as the embryo develops?
Pluripotent stem cells
81
What type of cells can adult stem cells produce?
Only specific kinds of cells
82
Fill in the blank: Only skin stem cells can produce cells to repair _______.
skin
83
Fill in the blank: Only bone stem cells can repair _______.
bone

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