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Systems Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

central nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

made up of sensory and motor neurons. It connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body, and detects and responds to change.

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3
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells.

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4
Q

Nerves

A

A bundle of neurons

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5
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

a nerve cell in the sense organs. It detects change in the environment and sends a message to the central nervous system.

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6
Q

Interneurons

A

a nerve cell that carries nervous impulses through the central nervous system. They provide the link between sensory neurons and motor neurons.

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7
Q

Motor neurons

A

the nerve cell that causes an organ, such as a muscle or gland, to respond to a stimulus

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

central part of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons; roundish structure inside a cell that acts as the control centre for the cell

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9
Q

Organelles

A

small structure in a cell with a special function

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10
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid found inside cells.

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11
Q

Cell membrane

A

structure that encloses the contents of a cell and allows the movement of some materials in and out

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12
Q

Cell body

A

contains the nucleus of a neuron, also called grey matter

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

structure that relays information towards the cell body of a neuron

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14
Q

Axon

A

an appendage of the neuron that nervous impulses travel along to the next neuron or to an effector organ (muscle or gland)

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15
Q

Myelin

A

a fatty, white substance that encases the axons (connecting branches) of the neurons in the nervous system

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16
Q

Synapse

A

the gap between adjoining neurons across which electrical nervous impulses are sent

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17
Q

Vesicles

A

a small cavity, usually filled with fluid

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18
Q

Neurontransmitters

A

chemical released from the axon terminals into the synapse between your nerve cells (neurons) during a nerve impulse

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19
Q

Effector

A

An organ that responds to a stimulus

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20
Q

Reflex arc

A

a nervous pathway involving a small number of neurons. A reflex occurs when nervous impulses travel from the receptor to the spinal cord and then to the effector organ.

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21
Q

Multicellular organism

A

An organism that is composed of many cells. Most plants and animals are multicellular.

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22
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal physiological environment of the body or part of the body (e.g blood glucose level, pH, body temperature) in varying external conditions.

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23
Q

Stimulus -response model

A

a system in which any changes or variations (stimuli) in the internal environments are detected (by receptors); if a response is required, this is communicated to effectors to bring about some type of change or correction so the conditions can be brought back to normal.

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24
Q

Negative feedback

A

a response that reduces the original stimulus.

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25
Glucose
A simple carbohydrate and the simplest form of sugar.
26
Pancreas
A large gland in the body that produces and secretes the hormone insulin and an important digestive fluid containing enzymes.
27
Insulin
Hormone that removes glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
28
Glycogen
The main storage carbohydrate in animals, converted from glucose by the liver and stored in the liver and muscle tissue.
29
Positive feedback
A reaction in which the response is the same direction as the stimulus-for example, during childbirth the onset of contractions activates the release of the hormones oxytocin, which stimulates further contractions.
30
Oxytocin
Hormone secreted from the pituitary glands that assists in the formation of bonds between mothers and their babies, and perhaps between people in close relationships
31
Nervous system
The system of nerves and nerve centres in an animal in which messages are sent as an electrical and then a chemical impulse. It comprises the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
32
Endocrine system
The body system of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to regulate processes in various organs.
33
Signalling molecules
A chemical involved in transmitting information between cells.
34
Central nervous system
The part of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord.
35
Peripheral nervous system
Made up of sensory and motor neurons. It connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body, and detects and responds to change.
36
Sensory neurons
A nerve cell in the sense organs. It detects change in the environment and sends a message to the central nervous system.
37
Motor neuron
The nerve cell that causes an organ such as a muscle gland, to respond to a stimulus
38
Neurotransmitters
Chemical released from the axon terminals into the synapse between your nerve cells (neurons) during a nerve impulse.
39
Endocrine glands
Organs that produce hormones. Endocrine glands release their hormones into the bloodstream for tranport to target organs.
40
Hormones
Chemical substances produced by glands and circulated in the blood. Hormones have specific effects in the body.
41
Thermoregulation
The control of body temperature
42
Thermostat
A device that establishes and maintains a desired temperature automatically.
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NEW
NEW
47
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells.
48
Leucocytes
White blood cells
49
Plasma
The yellowish, liquid part of blood that contains water, minerals, food and waste from cells.
50
Red blood cells
Living cells in the blood that transport oxygen to all other living cells in the body.
51
Haemoglobin
The red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
52
Oxyhaemoglobin
Haemoglobin with oxygen molecules attached.
53
White blood cells
Living cells that fight bacteria and viruses as part of the human body's immune system
54
Platelets
Small bodies involved in blood clotting. They are responsible for healing by clumping together around a wound.
55
Circulatory system
The body system that circulates oxygen in blood to all the cells of the body. The circulatory system consists of the heart, the blood vessels and blood.
56
Arteries
Hollow tubes with think walls carrying blood pumped from the heart to other body parts.
57
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart They have valves and thinner walls than arteries
58
Capillaries
Minute tubes carrying blood to body cells. Every cell of the body is supplied with blood through capillaries.
59
Oxygenated blood
Describes the bright red blood that has been supplied with oxygen in the lungs.
60
vena cava
Large vein leading into the top right chamber of the heart.
61
Left atrium
Upper left section of the heart where oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the heart.
62
Right atrium
Upper right section of the heart where deoxygenated blood from the body enters.
63
Valves
Flap like folds in the lining of a blood vessel or other hollow organ that allow a liquid, such as blood, to flow in one direction only.
64
Lub dub
The sound made by the heart valves as they close.
65
Blood pressure
Measures how strongly the the blood is pumped through the body's main arteries.
66
Systolic pressure
The higher blood pressure reading during contractions of the heart muscles.
67
diastolic pressure
The lower blood pressure reading during reaction of the hear muscle.
68
Heart bear
Contraction of the heart muscle occurring about 60-100 times per minute.
69
Pulse
Alternating contractions and expansion of arteries due to the pumping of blood by the heart.
70
Pacemaker
Electronic device inserted in the chest to keep the heart beating regularly at the correct rate. it works by stimulating the heart with tiny electrical impulses.
71
Cardiac muscle
Special kind of muscle in the heart that never tires. it is involved in pumping blood through the heart.
72
Antigens
Substance that stimulates the production of antibodies.
73
Inflammation
a reaction of the body to an infection, commonly characterised by heat, redness, swelling and pain.
74
Lymphatic system
The body system containing the lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph and white blood cells that is involved in draining fluid from the tissues and helping defend the body against invasion by disease causing agents.
75
Lymphocytes
Small, mononuclear white blood cells present in large numbers in lymphoid tissues and circulating blood and lymph. They combat microbial invasion, fight cancer and neutralise toxic chemicals.
76
B lymphocytes
A type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies that assist in the destruction of invading pathogens; also know as plasma cells.
77
T lymphocytes
A type of lymphocyte that destroys invading pathogens by attacking them.
78
Memory cells
Cells that may be formed from lymphocytes after infection with a pathogen - They 'remember each specific pathogen encountered and are able to mount a strong and rapid response if that pathogen is detected again.

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