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Exercise Physiology > Systems Coupling > Flashcards

Systems Coupling Flashcards

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1
Q

Aerobic respiration

A
  • When O2 is available
  • Glucose converted to 2 pyruvic acid
  • O2 needed to convert the pyruvic acid into:
    6 CO2
    6 H2O
    38 ATP
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2
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A
  • Absence of O2
  • Glucose converted to 2 pyruvic acid
  • Pyruvic acid is converted into 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP
  • Converted into:

2 CO2
Alcohol
2 ATP

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3
Q

What are the systems working together in exercise?

A
  • Muscle
  • Circulation
  • Ventilation
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4
Q

What is VO2?

A

Vol. of O2 consumption by body per min

(L/min, ml/min, ml/min/kg)

  • Rate
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5
Q

What is VCO2?

A

Vol. of CO2 produced by the body per minute

(L/min, ml/min)

  • Rate
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6
Q

What is VE?

A

Minute ventilation

Vol. of gas inhaled/exhaled from the lungs per min

(L/min, ml/min)

  • Rate
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7
Q

What is Vt (or VT)?

A

Tidal volume

Vol. of gas. inhaled/exhaled during the breathing cycle (in a single resting breath)
- Approx 500 mL

(L, ml)

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8
Q

What is PaO2?

A

Partial pressure of O2 in blood

  • Arterial oxygenation: indication of alveolar ventilation
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9
Q

What is PaCO2?

A

Partial pressure of CO2 in blood

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10
Q

What is HCO3?

A

Conc. of bicarbonate in blood (predominantly renal system)

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11
Q

Normal PaO2 values

A

80 - 100 mmHg

(10.7 - 13.3 kPa)

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12
Q

Normal PaCO2 values

A

35 - 45 mmHg

(4.7 – 6.0 kPa)

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13
Q

Normal HCO3 values

A

22 - 26 mmol/L

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14
Q

Normal lactate values

A

0.5 - 1 mmol/L

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15
Q

Normal blood pH values

A

7.35 - 7.42

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16
Q

Normal HR values

A

60 - 100 beats/min (bpm)

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17
Q

Normal RR values

A

respiratory rate

12 - 16 breaths/min

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18
Q

Normal BP values

A

Blood pressure: systolic & diastolic

100-140 / 60-90 mmHg

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19
Q

Normal SpO2 values

A

95 - 100%

Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation = estimate to PaO2

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20
Q

What is Fick Equation?

A

VO2 = Q x (a-v) O2 difference

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21
Q

What is Q?

A

Cardiac output

Q/CO = HR x SV

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22
Q

What (a-v) O2 difference?

Fick eqn

A

Arteriovenous difference

  • diff. of amt of O2 b/w arterial blood & venous blood
  • the larger the diff, the more O2 taken up in muscle tissues
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23
Q

What happens when Q needs to increase?

A

HR inc
SV inc

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24
Q

How does HR inc. so that cardiac output can inc.?

A

Dec. vagal tone
Inc. sympathetic activation

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25
How does SV inc. so that cardiac output can inc.?
- Inc. venous return from muscle contraction compressing veins (push the blood towards heart) - Dec. intrathoracic pressure with inc. tidal volume 1. Deeper breath: diaphragm contracts more forcefully & flatters 2. Intercostal muscles lift ribs higher: expands chest 1. & 2. inc. thoracic cavity = Boyle's law: if vol. inc. = pressure drops = helps to draw. air into lungs
26
What happens when cardiac output needs to significantly increase even further?
HR Increases even more SV constant
27
What is the total peripheral resistance (TPR)?
Total resistance to flow of blood in the systemic unit Higher resistance = Lower blood. fflow
28
TPR equation
TPR = MAP / Q
29
How to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) when TPR is high?
Must increase cardiac output. (Q)
30
What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
Index of perfusion of blood to organs
31
How to calculate mean arterial pressure?
MAP = [(2 x diastolic) + systolic]/3 Diastole counts 2x as much as systole bc 2/3 of cardiac cycle is spent in diastole
32
How much mean arterial pressure is necessary too perfuses the coronary arteries, brain & kidneys?
~ 60 mmHg
33
Usual mean arterial pressure range?
70 - 110 mmHg
34
Why does pulmonary vascular resistance need to be low?
To allow blood to flow fast enough from the right ventricle to perfuse lungs and return to the left side of heart for increased cardiac output
35
What happens when the pulmonary vascular resistance is high?
Right ventricle needs to pump harder = Inc. CO to overcome the high resistance
36
How does distribution of peripheral blood flow change with exercise?
Blood supply to muscles increases by 2-3 times, partly by shunting from other organs
37
What is the distribution of peripheral blood flow dependent on?
1. Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic: - 'Fight-or-Flight' - Vasoconstriction - Redirects bld. flow to essential organs (e.g. heart) Parasympathetic: - 'Rest & Digest' - Regulates by controlling the diameter of bld vessels = dec. peripheral resistance = inc. bld. flow to other areas 2. Local Humoral Control (Local factors, hormones, ions, etc)
38
What affects the level of humoral factors?
Blood flow-metabolic rate relationship (affects factors like H+, PCO2, K+, osmolarity, temperature -> enhance bld. dilation) - regulate bld. flow according to metabolic requirement
39
What is the driving force for oxygen diffusion from lungs into bloodstream?
Difference in partial pressure of alveolar PO2 and arterial PO2 P(A-a)O2 PaO2: arterial PO2 (artery; Hb conc, O2 affinity) PAO2: alveolar PO2 (alveolar capillaries
40
What are some pathologies that inc./dec. oxygen diffusion beyond normal range?
- Right-left shunt of heart: allows deoxy. bld. to be returned to circulation by bypassing lungs - Alveolar ventilation-perfusion mismatch: exercising muscles X get enough O2 bc. recycled
41
What are the factors affecting arteriovenous difference?
1. Partial pressure of O2 in capillaries 2. Hb concentration 3. O2 affinity to Hb
42
What are some pathologies that dec. Hb concentration/O2 affinity to Hb?
- Carbon monoxide toxicity - Inactive Hb - Haemogobinopathies that unload O2 more readily - Anaemia - Lactic acidosis
43
What is oxygen supply to muscles dependent on?
1. Cardiac output 2. Distribution of peripheral blood flow 3. Partial pressure profile of O2 in the capillary blood: (a-v) diff 4. Hb conc. 5. Hb affinity for O2
44
How is ventilation related to cell metabolism?
Linked to ventilation primarily by CO2 during respiration - Need to maintain CO2 levels = homeostasis
45
What is the main product of cell respiration?
CO2
46
Venous blood vs Inspired gas (Partial pressure of O2, CO2)
Venous blood: - Lower PaO2 (40 mmHg) - Higher PaCO2 (46 mmHg) Partial pressure gradient drives O2 in and CO2 out off pulmonary capillary blood (gas moves from higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure) O2 moves from alveolus (high) to capillaries (low) CO2 moves from capillaries (high) to alveolus (low)
47
What happens when there is no ventilation?
No replenishment of O2 & no removal of CO2
48
How is H+ homeostasis maintained?
- PaCO2 must be low enough for CO2 from muscle respiration to diffuse into the capillary blood supply at a sufficient - Ventilation must inc. to remove metabolic CO2 (+ CO2. from lactic acidosis, if above anaerobic threshold) Fluctuation of H+ can significantly. affect. pH levels & affect metabolic function (incl. organs)
49
What drives ventilation?
CO2 !!!! or arterial H+ regulation (H+ in the form of CO2) The more CO2 prod. (VCO2) by exercise = the higher the ventilation to blow off excess. CO2
50
What happens if got lung problem & they exercise?
CO2 inc. but ventilation cannot inc. as much as needed. (bc lung problem) = blood will be more acidic (pH value disrupted)
51
Minute ventilation calculation
VE = VT x f VE: minute ventilation (L/min) VT: tidal volume (L) f: breathing frequency (breaths/min)
52
Lung mechanics as exercise intensity increases
As exercise intensity inc = VE inc Tidal vol. inc. first while f remains constant At about 80-85% of peak exercise, VT & f both increase. - Lung expanding so large = close to its ceiling = cannot expand more = f predominates
53
What are the factors influencing breathing control?
1. Arterial H+ regulation (H+ in the form of CO2) 2. Reflexes
54
What are the reflexes influencing breathing control?
1. Respiratory Centre 2. Central chemoreceptors (CNS medulla) 3. Carotid bodies (peripheral chemoreceptors) 4. Corticogenic/conditioned reflex 5. Vagal 6. Mechanoreceptors 7. Thermal stimulation via hypothalamic. thermoregulatory neurons/peripheral chemoreceptors
55
How does the respiratory centre influence breathing control?
Rhythmic discharge to stimulate motor neurons (rhythmic breathing patterns)
56
How does the central chemoreceptors (CNS medulla) influence breathing control?
- Existent CO2 setpoint - chemoreceptors may not respond tot acute exercise-induced metabolic acidosis
56
How does the carotid bodies (peripheral chemoreceptors) influence breathing control?
- Respond to O2 breathing (Stimuli: hypoxia) - Stimuli: Inc. in partial pressure of O2, K+, osmolarity, catecholamines, arterial H+ - Regulate arterial H+ & partial pressure of O2
57
How does the corticogenic/conditioned reflex influence breathing control?
- for. 'kicking' off the inc. of ventilation at first second of exercise - abrupt inc./hyperpnea - possible anxiety
58
How does mechanoreceptors reflex influence breathing control?
Possibly not enough stimulus to override stronger mechanisms regulating pH (H+ ions)
58
How does the vagal reflex influence breathing control?
still inconclusive on its contribution
59
What is the rapid rise in ventilation at the onset of exercise thought to do?
Thought to be attributable to motor centre activity & afferent impulses from proprioceptors of the limbs, joints, muscles - After this stage, mechanisms. X completely understood MAIN DRIVER FOR VENTILATION IS STIILL CO2
60
look at slide 16 of 3. ventilatory coupling to metabolism
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Exercise Physiology (6 decks)

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