Systems Engineering for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - Part 1. Flashcards

Question

Non-dispensable payloads

Answer 1

Sensors, cameras

Answer 2

Armament for military etc, crop-spraying fluid, firefighting materials.

Answer 3

Required for aircraft without VTOL. Launch: The aircraft is accelerated along a ramp on a trolley. Recovery: A parachute deployed at a suitable altitude over the landing zone sometimes with an additional means of absorbing the impact energy. Or a large net or carousel in which the aircraft is flown and caught.

Answer 4

- Concepts of Operation - Communications availability/reliability - Multi-UAV operations - UAVs in manned airspace

Answer 5

- Reliability and Safety - Very long endurance - Survivability - Cost

Answer 6

- Reliability and Safety - Operators per vehicle - Multi-vehicle control - Cost

Answer 7

- Auto target recognition - On board data processing - Data compression - Cost

Answer 8

- Reliability and Safety - Logistics footprint - Off base support - Aerial refueling - CostD

Answer 9

Person or organisation that organises and manages how a UAV is used. Operator is legally accountable for the safe management of the aircraft and responsible for the preparation, training, planning and oversight of flights by anyone using the operator’s aircraft.

Answer 10

Person responsible for carrying out the flight safely within the management framework set out by the operator.

Answer 11

Open - Basic, low risk. Specific - Covers operations with a greater risk than those in the open, or where one or more elements of the operation fall outside of the boundaries of the open cat. Certified - Risk equivalent to that of manned aviation. Regulations require UAVs to remain within 400ft distance of the Earth.

Answer 12

* Reduced sensory cues (for pilot) * Control and communication via radio link * Physical characteristics of the control station * Transfer of control during ongoing operations * Unconventional characteristics of unmanned aircraft * Flight termination * Reliance on automation * Widespread use of interfaces based on consumer products (COTS*)

Answer 13

The combining of information, concepts, constraints, components or elements to establish a complete and consistent system architecture.

Answer 14

Examining and breaking information into component parts, determining how the parts relate to one another, based upon engineering principles.

Answer 15

The process of determining whether an item or activity meets specified criteria

Answer 16

Initial concept, design and development.

Answer 17

In-service operation by a customer and disposal.

Answer 18

To understand the customer's requirements, to generate ideas and to arrive at a conceptual model of a solution to address customer's needs. * Define the problem and identify the need (requirements) * System planning and architecting * Develop system operational requirements * Exploratory feasibility studies * Propose a maintenance plan for the support of the system * Identify technical performance measures and related design criteria * System-level functional analysis and requirement allocation to subsystems * System analysis and trade-off studies * Design review

Answer 19

Develops the reviewed concept and develops it to examine the practicality of developing a complete and definitive design. - Developing the concept into a firm definition of a solution - Developing system architectures and system configurations - Re-evaluating the supplier base to establish what equipment, components and materials needed for the emerging design - Defining physical and installation characteristics and interface requirements - Developing models of the individual systems - Quantifying key systems performance measures such as: mass, volume, growth capability, range/endurance, … - Identifying risk and introducing mitigation plans - Selecting and confirming appropriate technology

Answer 20

Takes the definition phase architectures and schemes (preliminary design) and refines them to a standard that can be manufactured (detailed design). - Detailed design of the sub-systems and components. - Development of engineering and prototype models. - Verification of manufacturing and production processes. - Selection of suppliers of bought-in equipment and components. - Production planning: to achieve a fully certifiable design of complex integrated systems, an integrated design team comprising platform integrators and suppliers is essential.

Answer 21

The A/C is manufactured to the drawings and data issued by design. This includes the fabrication of detailed sub-assemblies and their assembly into a complete airframe, together with the installation of pipes, ducts wiring harnesses, and equipment. - Production and/or construction of system Components. - Supplier production activities. - Acceptance testing. - System distribution and operation. - Developmental/operational test and evaluation. - Interim contractor support. - System assessment

Answer 22

Are the aircraft and its components fit for purpose? - Ground and flight testing of the aircraft. - System modifications for improvement. - Contractor support. - System assessment (Field data collection and analysis)

Answer 23

The customer is operating the A/C on a daily basis. Any defects or faults are analysed by the manufacturer through a formal defect reporting process to monitor A/C performance. - System operation in the user environment. - Sustaining maintenance and logistic support. - Operational testing. - System assessment (Operational data collection and analysis)

Answer 24

Considerations at the retirement stage: - Assisting the customer in identifying components for safe storage. - Understanding the requirements for disposing of potentially hazardous components and consumables, such as fuels, oils, greases, refrigerants, … - Recording the decision in project records. - Ensuring that all design authority records of design and qualification are archived in safe storage for period of time defined by relevant regulations. - This is essential to provide advice to purchasers of redundant aircraft.

Answer 25

Change of role of aircraft due to obsolescence or customer wishes; e.g. commercial passenger aircraft to freight or in-flight refuelling roles. Considerations at the refurbishment stage: - Record the decision in project records. - Ensure that all design authority records of design and qualification are archived in safe storage for a period of time to support the aircraft that continue in service during the refurbishment. - Return the existing type record to the concept phase to the refurbishment design to commence.

Answer 26

* Customer requirements * Regulations * Standards * Internal requirements

Answer 27

* Functional requirements: identifies and describes what function(s) or service(s) a system should perform, e.g. passenger comfort, power management, aircraft movement control * Performance requirements : measures how well a system performs a function or executes a mission. For instance: mission range, payload. * Design requirements : are design characteristics such as physical dimensions, tolerances, … Derived requirements: arise from higher-level requirements and defined as the development progresses. They represent a significant portion of the system cost. * Derived requirements * Allocated requirements : are top-level requirements that are broken into multiple lower-level requirements, e.g. electrical loads, weight, fuel consumption, noise.

Answer 28

The CONOPS is a document for all the stakeholders, of any background or role within the system, that answers the who, what, when, where, why, and how for the system. The main objectives are: *Stakeholder identification and communication * High-level system definition * Foundation for lower-level system description * Definition of major user classes and user activities

Answer 29

To transform requirements into a coherent description of system functions. Done by arranging functions in logical sequences, decomposing high-level functions into lower-level functions and allocating performance from higher to lower level functions.

Answer 30

Quantitative values (estimates, predicted, and/or measured) that describe system performance.

Answer 31

Translates customers' needs into system requirements into technical solutions. QFD enables: - Ranking of customers' needs priorities. -Identification of synergy or conflict between engineering requirements. - Comparison with other existing products.

Answer 32

1. State the problem in terms of the stakeholders' needs. 2. Evaluation criteria in terms of TPMs. Use HoQ to identify the important ones. 3. Requirements discovery and risk analyses are critical for weights and score choices. 4. Always perform a sensitivity analysis.- It reveals which inputs and parameters are most important and most likely to affect system behaviour and/or model predictions.

Answer 33

It's a matrix used to identify and track the interactions between systems, sub-systems and components.

Answer 34

‣ [1] This room contains the properties of the product as seen by the customer: the “WHATs.” ‣ [2] The number in this room indicates the weight of each “WHAT” or product attribute, according to customer. This goes on a scale from 1 to 5 (or any other scale: only relative importance is relevant). ‣ [3] In this room we compare our product design to other similar products for each “WHAT”. This is usually done via market research. ‣ [4] This room contains the technical parameters as seen by the designers, the “HOWs.” ‣ [5] Here we assess the effect of the technical parameters on the product attributes. This can be either strong (9), medium (3), low (1) or non-existing (0). ‣ [6] To fill in the fields of the bottom rows in this room, we simply need to add up all the values of the columns above them. ‣ [7] These values indicate the correlation between every pair of technical parameters. They can effect each other in a strong way (9), a medium way (3), a light way (1) or not at all (0). ‣ [8] Finally, based on the results that were found, we give target values to the technical parameters in this room

Answer 35

Not stating the problem in terms of stakeholder needs * Using dependent criteria * Vague problem statement * Substituting a related attribute * Sensitivity analysis mistakes * Forer effect (wrongly adopting previously existing criteria) * Weight of importance mistakes * Anchoring and the status quo * Treating gains and losses equally * Not using scoring functions * Implying false precision

Answer 36

1. Operational test and evaluation. 2. Developmental test and evaluation. 3. System integration and test. 4. Subsystem integration and test. 5. Component test.

Answer 37

- reviewing system requirements and defining detailed plans for integration and system testing, and - defining the test requirements and functional architecture.

Answer 38

- integrating the tested components into sub-systems and the sub-systems into a total operational system by the sequential aggregation and testing of the constituent elements, and - designing and building integration test equipment and facilities needed to support the system integration process and demonstrating end-to-end operation.

Answer 39

- performing system-level tests over the entire operating regime and comparing system performance with expectations, - developing test scenarios exercising all system operating modes, and - eliminating all performance deficiencies.

Answer 40

- performing tests of system performance in a fully realistic operational environment by an independent test agent and - measuring degree of compliance with all operational requirements and evaluating the readiness of the system for full production and operational deployment.

Answer 41

To assemble a system that is consistent with the architectural design. System build is built bottom-up. This process should correctly identify and describe all physical, logical, and human-system interfaces and interactions, and verify that all system element functional, performance, and design requirements and constraints are satisfied.

Answer 42

ability of a component to contribute to the overall system in which it resides. Example: the assembly of an electric motor, rotary valve, associated pipework, mounting flanges and connectors into a motorised valve of the aircraft fuel system.

Answer 43

Merging of discrete functions and characteristics previously performed by discrete control items into common areas of control. For instance, the utility systems management system (USMS) is designed to perform the functions previously hosted in 20 to 25 items of equipment in 4 general purpose computing modules.

Answer 44

The progressive build-up of product components into a single, working and tested product.

Answer 45

Identification of integrated functions that are an amalgamation of many individual functions to form a demonstrable measure of performance. For instance, the combination of subsystems to form an integrated function such as guidance and control.

Answer 46

Recording and authorisation of information to define, design, document and certify fitness for purpose of the complete system. The documentation of every stage of the aircraft design, development, modelling and testing is a fundamental requisite for certification.

Answer 47

Ability to design, develop and manufacture a complex product that precisely meets the customer’s requirement throughout the product lifecycle. Typical of military contracts where a single contractor takes responsibility for the management of all the aspects of providing a product that will meet the customer’s requirements.

Answer 48

a phenomenon of interactions between subsystems that may not have been purposely designed but arise as a result of emergent properties of the constituent systems. For instance, heat dissipation might compromise the thermal signature of a stealth aircraft.

Answer 49

1. Developmental test and evaluation. 2. Acceptance test and evaluation. 3. Operational test and evaluation

Answer 50

DT&E refers to the test and evaluation activities undertaken during the acquisition phase of the system life cycle to support the design and development effort. DT&E activities may also occur during the utilization phase to support such activities as modification development.

Answer 51

As DT&E completion approaches, AT&E activities become increasingly relevant. AT&E represents the formal acceptance testing conducted on the system to enable the customer to accept the system from the contractor. AT&E effectively forms the boundary or transition between the acquisition phase and the utilization phase. Unlike DT&E and operational test and evaluation (OT&E), AT&E tends to be a discrete testing activity (with a defined start and a defined end).

Answer 52

OT&E is the term sometimes associated with the test and evaluation effort that is focused on the functional or operational testing of the system and its components, conducted under realistic operational conditions by operational personnel. OT&E is normally conducted for a period of time following acceptance of the system by the customer, although limited OT&E activities are possible during acquisition, especially where a long production cycle means that some systems have been accepted prior to other systems being produced, or when concept demonstrators are being used.

Answer 53

Technical reviews and audits provide both the customer and contractor with a measure of progress towards the goal of successfully introducing a system into service, while reducing the technical risks associated with the system development. Reviews and audits achieve this by: * Providing a formal evaluation of the design maturity. * Measuring and reporting on planned and actual performance. * Clarifying and prioritizing design requirements. * Evaluating and establishing the system baselines at discrete points in the design process. * Providing an effective means of formal communications between the stakeholders. * Recording design decisions and rationales for later reference.

Answer 54

- Engineering specialities - Safety, reliability and risk. - Risk analysis. - Reliability analysis. - Safety engineering

Answer 55

The ability of an item to operate under designated operating conditions for a designated period of time or number of cycles.

Answer 56

The probability that an item will be operational at a given time.

Answer 57

A physical situation with a potential for human injury, damage to property, damage to the environment or some combination of these.

Answer 58

The frequency at which an individual, or a population, may be expected to sustain a given level of harm from the realisation of specified hazards.

Answer 59

Freedom from unacceptable risk of harm.

Answer 60

Technical Schedule Cost

Answer 61

Based on the likelihood that the program as planned will be unable to deliver a product or service to satisfy the technical requirements. Therefore well-documented, defined, and quantified technical requirements are necessary to define a technical risk.

Answer 62

results from the likelihood that the program actions may not be accomplished in the planned program timing. A detailed program schedule identifying each accomplishment and the critical path is necessary to develop schedule risks.

Answer 63

results from the likelihood that the program may not accomplish planned tasks within the planned budget. Budget is the forecast of all costs planned for a given project, and funding is the supply of money provided to accomplish it.

Answer 64

Risk assessment - identifying sources of potential harm, assessing the likelihood that harm will occur and the consequences if harm does occur. Risk management - evaluates which of the risks identified in the risk assessment process require management and selects and implements the plans or actions that are required to ensure that those risks are controlled. Risk communication - involves an interactive dialogue between stakeholders, risk assessors and risk managers which actively informs the other processes.

Answer 65

Risk = likelihood x impact. Likelihood - is the probability that a negative event will occur Impact - is a measure of the specific (cost, schedule, and/or technical) impact on program goals if the risk was to occur.

Answer 66

1. Identify potential risks 2. Analyse and assess risks 3. Develop a risk plan 4. Execute risk plan, and 5. Track and monitor

Answer 67

'FORM follows FUNCTION' Form - what are the entities composed of? Function - what are the entities intended to do?

Answer 68

1. An essential condition that a system has to satisfy. 2. The need or demand for personnel, equipment, facilities, other resources, or services, by specified quantities for specific periods of time or at a specified time 3. A condition or capability that must be met or possessed by a system or system component to satisfy a contract, standard, specification or other formally imposed documents.

Answer 69

1. Radio-controlled system. (transmitter/ receiver of navigation instructions via EM waves) 2. Video- base. 3. Autopilot. 4. Inertial Navigation. (when losing GNSS satellite signal - consists of inertial measurement units with a set of gyroscopes, accelerometers and INUs - provides data on linear acceleration and is relayed to the operator, who can use it to manoeuvre the drone)

Answer 70

1. UAV flight controls - to present UAV status and interface with the UAV automatic flight control system. 2. Payload recognition, monitoring and control sub-system - to recognise the type of payload installed in the UAV and to operate the payload controls. 3. Ground communication elements (encoders, transmitter and receiver) of the link between the CS and UAV. 4. Navigation displays - monitoring the positions and flight path. 5. Terrestrial map displays - With computers to enable mission planning and the calculations for it. 6. Communication systems - other players in the system to obtain data for weather conditions and to receive mission requirements.

Answer 71

1. Blimp. 2. Balloon.

Answer 72

- Fixed wing. - Hybrid. - Small UAV. - VTOL fixed wing. - MALE - Tilt wing. - HALE. - Tilt engine. Rotary wing: - Multi-rotor - Single-rotor - Tri-copter - Conventional - Quad-copter - Coaxial - Hexa-copter - Nano

Answer 73

- Carry a sophisticated and heavy payload over long distances (3000+ km) and for a long time. Design considerations: - minimise the aerodynamic drag within installation and operation constraints. - optimise the structure to obtain the highest possible ratio of load to aircraft gross mass. - install a reliable power-plant which provides an adequate level of power at altitude.

Answer 74

These are with the surveillance payload and the power plant at opposite ends with the fuel tank mounted near the centre of mass.

Answer 75

Similar cruise speeds of 200 km/hr, installed engine power per unit of mass for aircraft with piston engines, and radius of action (150-250 km)

Answer 76

Challenging multitude of roles at low altitude and rapid response times. Low-altitude military operation requires that system, especially the aircraft, to be invulnerable to enemy countermeasures to achieve its mission. GCS and launch and recover systems are required to be fully mobile even in wild terrain, but too heavy to be hand-launched.

Answer 77

Back-packed, assembled and deployed by no more than 2 ppl. Designed to be hand-launched and controlled via a laptop computer, with display restricting UAV MTOW to 6kg, and about 30kg for the UAS. Can be done using battery technology and lightweight electric motors, which makes backpacking more possible.

Answer 78

pico AVs: Personal system for urban and indoor surveillance systems, operatued using a mobile phone. Required to carry a surveillance camera, control and of image transmission systems. NUAVs: UAV size smaller than 5cm in any direction, have an all-up mass of less than 10g. And a payload of 2g.

Answer 79

Bio-chemical, electric charge, solar-radiation photo-voltaic cell, electrolyte.

Answer 80

Fuel tank, battery or electrolyte tank.

Answer 81

Internal combustion engine (piston or turbine), electric motor or fuel cell.

Answer 82

Rotor, fan, propeller, jet.

Answer 83

- Range, endurance and altitude requirements. - Mass and drag constraints - Installation and field of view. - Surveillance modes - Range and area of surveillance needed. - Resolution of the imagery. - Need for tracking while scan - Need for map base correlation - Need for recording - Need for weapon-aiming interface.

Answer 84

High power, low interest: - Trade unions - General public - Airport Operators High power, high interest: - Regulatory bodies - Government - Users - Aircraft Manufacturers - Suppliers - Politicians - Commerce/ Finance Low power, low interest: - Employees - Construction industry - Police - Retails Low power, high interest: - Maintainers - Transport operators - Military operators - Airline operators

Answer 85

1. Requirements elicitation and generation. 2. Requirements analysis and negotiation 3. Requirements management 4. Requirements validation And this repeats.

Answer 86

Involves understanding: 1. The application domain. 2. The specific problem. 3. The business. 4. The needs and constraints of system stakeholders.

Answer 87

1. Identify the chart WHAT list requirements. 2. Translate WHAT requirements into measurable HOW requirements. 3. Determine relationships between WHAT and HOW requirements. 4. Determine HOW MUCH for HOW requirements. HoQ purpose: Identification and prioritisation of TPMs.

Answer 88

- Inspection. - Analysis - Demonstration - Test - Certification

Answer 89

Analytical: analytical methods and computer models and simulations are used since there is no “physical” model of the system: “virtual” models. - During the conceptual design. Test 1: Bench-test models, engineering models, software and service test models to verify a physical design of a sub-system or component, but not production equipment. - Preliminary system design. Test 2: Testing of prototype equipment and software used for the initial qualification of the system for operational use. E.g. flight simulator. - Detail design and development. Test 3: There is a production system where all the elements of the system can be operated and evaluated on a truly integrated basis. E.g. flight test. - Production/ construction. Test 4: The system is designed and operational in the customer environment. This is the first time that the true capability of the system can be assessed. - System utilisation and life-cycle support.

Answer 90

‣ define the specific technical parameters to be measured, ‣ summarize test events, test scenarios, and the test design concept, ‣ list all models and simulations to be used, and ‣ describe how the system environment will be represented.

Answer 91

- List critical operational issues to be examined to determine operational suitability. - Define technical parameters critical to the above issues. - Define operational scenarios and test events. - Define the operational environment to be used and the impact of test limitations on conclusions regarding operational effectiveness. - Identify test articles and necessary logistic support - State test personnel training requirements.

Answer 92

It is the closed loop process of decision-making and allocation of resources based on system safety risk assessment. 1. Describe the system. 2. Identify the hazards. 3. Analyse the risk. 4. Assess the risk. 5. Treat the risk.

Answer 93

HF is concerned with improving the integration of human issues into the analysis, design, development, implementation and the operational use of systems.

Answer 94

The job: nature of the task, workload, design of displays, controls. The individual: their competence, skills, personality, attitude, risk perception. The organisation: work patterns, culture of the workplace, resources, communication etc.

Answer 95

Workplace factors (workspace suitability, housekeeping, equipment, poor environment) Personnel factors (competence, health and fitness, fatigue, stress, motivation) Task factors (too high/low workload, emergency tasks, teamwork problems, safe systems or procedures) Organisation factors (poor leadership, safety management system inadequate, safety culture poor)

Answer 96

The process by which human capabilities and limitations are effectively and affordably integrated with system design and development. It wants to maximise the system's usability and safety. It aims to answer the following questions: - Can this person... - With this training... - Do these tasks...

Answer 97

The science that defines physical measures of a person's size, form and functional capacities.

Answer 98

S- software H- hardware E - environment L - liveware (human) H SLE L

Answer 99

elimination of aspects of the system design that could cause injury to people who operate, maintain or use the system.

Answer 100

- Recognising objects over varied conditions. - Handling unexpected occurences - Ability to reason inductively - Ability to profit from experiences - Originality - Flexibility of reprogramming

Answer 101

- Responding with minimum lag. - Precise, repetitive operations - Storing and recalling large amounts of data. - Monitoring functions - Sensitivity to certain stimuli. - Exerting force

Systems Engineering for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - Part 1. Flashcards

(125 cards)