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Foundations of Health Sciences > Systems to molecules > Flashcards

Systems to molecules Flashcards

1
Q

State the levels of organisation

Reducing in size and increasing in complexity

A
  • Organism system (Independant bodies)
  • System (eg. digestive, skeletal)
  • Organ (blood system, lungs, made of tissues)
  • Tissue
  • Cellular (one or multiple cells)
  • Organelle
  • Chemical (molecule then atom)
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2
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue

A
  1. muscular
  2. nervous
  3. epithelial
  4. connective
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3
Q

Define - interdependency

A

All systems work together to form an efficient organism

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A
  • no blood vessels
    Subdivides into:
  • covering layer - defining boundaries
  • glandular (uni cellular or complex invaginations)
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5
Q

Define invaginations

A

The action or process of being turned inside out or folded back on itself to form a cavity or pouch.

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6
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

5

A
  1. Secretion
  2. filtration
  3. protection (physical)
  4. absorption
  5. sensation (embedded sensory endings)
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7
Q

What are the two structural classifciations of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. simple - single layer of cells on basement membrane (connective tissue)
  2. stratifies - basement membrane and layers of cells (protective)
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8
Q

What is a simple epithelial cell?

A
  • simple - single layer of cells on basement membrane (connective tissue)
  • different nucleus with basal and apical specification.
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9
Q

What is a statified epithelial cell?

A

basement membrane and layers of cells (protective)

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10
Q

What are the three types of simple epithelial cells?

types

A
  1. squamous - flat
  2. Cuboidal - cube shaped
  3. Columnar - tall
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11
Q

What is a squamous epithelial cell?

A
  • flat
  • covering area
  • disc shaped
  • wider nucleus
  • sparse cytoplasm
    *
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12
Q

What is a cuboidal epithelial cell?

A
  • cube shaped
  • spherical central nucleus
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13
Q

What is a columnar epithelial cell?

A
  • Taller nucleus than wide
  • round/oval nuclei
  • goblet cells can be attached
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14
Q

What is the function of squamous epithelial cells?

A
  • filtration
  • secretion of lurication substances in serosae
  • eg. kidney glomeruli, alveoli and heart lining
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15
Q

What is the function of cuboidal epithelial cells?

A
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • eg. kidney tubules, small glands and ovary
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16
Q

What is the function of columnar epithelial cells?

A
  • absorption
  • secretion - propelling mucus
  • eg. digestive tract, gall bladder (may contain cilia/microvilli)
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17
Q

How do simple and stratified epithelial cells differ?

Describe epithelial cells

A
  • Regenerated from below (basal cell divide, cell migrate to surface)
  • more durable - phsyically protecting is main role eg. skin, cornalised protection lost
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18
Q

What main components make up connective tissue?

A
  1. connective tissue proper
  2. cartilage
  3. bone
  4. blood
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19
Q

State a few functions of connective tissue

8 possible

A
  1. binding organs
  2. immune protection
  3. heat production
  4. support
  5. movement
  6. transport
  7. physical protection
  8. storage
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20
Q

What are the main components of connective tissue?

A
  1. ground substance (matrix)
  2. cells - blast, clast and cyte
  3. fibres - collagen and elastin
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21
Q

What substances make up ground substance in connective tissue?

A

water and hygroscopic proteoglycans

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22
Q

What are the three main cell types in connective tissue?

A
  1. blast
  2. clast
  3. cyte
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23
Q

What is a blast cell in connective tissue?

A
  • immature form
  • mitrotically active
  • secrete ground substances and fibres
  • eg. fibroblasts (made of connective tissue proper, chondroblast in cartilage and osteoblasts in bones)
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24
Q

Whats the different types of fibre in connective tissue and how do they differ?

A
  1. collagen - 30% proteins in body, for structure so very strong (as strong as steel)
  2. Elastin - elastic fibre giving elastisticity
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25
Q

Explain how fibres help trap water

A
  • core protein attached to backbone or hydacloric acid attaching glycosaminoglycans
  • These gylcosaminoglycans are negatively charged so attract and trap water
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26
Q

What do clast cells do in connective tissue?

A
  • break down connective tissue
  • eg. osteoclast (bones), chondroclast (Cartilage)
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27
Q

What do cyte cells do in connective tissue?

A
  • Mature form
  • maintain, recycle, break down substanmce
  • eg. chondrocytes (cartilage), osteocytes (bones)
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28
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue proper?

A
  1. Areolar connective tissue (loose)
  2. Dense connective tissue
  3. Adipose connective tissue
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29
Q

What are the characteristics of Areolar connective tissue proper?

A
  • Lots of elastic fibres (loose)
  • few collagenouse fibres
  • fibroblasts move around maintaining tissue
  • eg. gut wall and skin
  • protective layer, strechy, recoiling, expansion and contraction
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30
Q

What are some characteristics of dense connective tissue?

A
  • Lots of collagen fibres
  • fibroblast nuclei
  • can be regular or irregular depending on allignment of collagen - irrgeular crossing over layers increasing strength
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30
Q

What are some characteristics of dense connective tissue proper?

A
  • Lots of collagen fibres
  • fibroblast nuclei
  • can be regular or irregular depending on allignment of collagen - irrgeular crossing over layers increasing strength
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31
Q

What are the characteristics of abipose connective tissue proper?

A
  • adipocyte nucleus - accumulates lipids (fats/oils)
  • and blood vessels
  • eg. breast vessels
  • if they have brown site adipocytes there is more mitochondria
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32
Q

What does it mean if adipose connective tissue proper contains brown site adipocytes?

A

It has more mitochondria
* eg. cervical, supraclavicular and paravertebral areas

33
Q

What characterises cartilage?

A
  • tough, supportive, flexible and figid
  • hyolyne cartilage - in joints for ease of movement
  • 80% water
  • lacks nerves and blood vessels - can be damaged
  • Containing cells, fibres and ground substances
34
Q

What makes up hyaline cartilage?

blue in colour

A
  • Perichondrium - rough outer surface (don’t all have)
  • lacuna
  • chondrocytes
  • smooth and slick - end of bones (to enable freely moveable joints)
35
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • smooth and slick ends of long bones to enable freely moveable joints
  • Also in ribcafe between the ribs in intercostal
36
Q

What is lacuna?

A

an unfilled space or gap
found in cartilage and bones

37
Q

What makes up elastic cartilage?

A
  • chondroblast
  • lacuna
  • ground substances
  • elastic fibres
  • eg. epiglotis in back of throat and ear.
38
Q

What increases elasticity of elastic cartilage?

A

Lots of elastic fibres of elastin and fibrillin

39
Q

What are the three main types of cartilage?

A
  1. hyaline (blue)
  2. elastic (yellow)
  3. fibrocartilage
40
Q

What makes up fibrocartilage?

A
  • collagen fibres (thick and heavy)
  • chondrocytes
  • lacuna
  • eg. between spine intervertibral discs acting as shock absorber
41
Q

Give an example of fibrocartilage

A

between spine intervertibral discs acting as shock absorber

42
Q

Give an example of elastic cartilage

A

epiglotis in the back of throat and ear

43
Q

What are the main components of bones?

A
  • lacunae (with osteocytes)
  • periosteum
  • osteona
  • haversian canels (blood and nutrient supply stored here) - the ground substance
  • lamella (layer of bones)
44
Q

What are the main components of blood?

A
  • ground substance = plasma
  • cells - red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • cells - white blood cells (lymphocytes and neutrophil)
  • matrix
  • fibres - soluble (help blood clots) - creating a net with platelets
  • platelets
45
Q

What is excitable tissue?

A
  • rapid nervous and muscular tissues
  • control and execute physical behaviours
  • supporting generation of electrical impulses
46
Q

What are the components of nervous tissue?

A
  • neurons (communications, processing networks)
  • glial cells (support) = provide energy
  • axons = fibres
47
Q

What are three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • skeletal - control movements (voluntary)
  • cardiac - highly specialised
  • smooth - slower to be formed providing tension
48
Q

What are the components of voluntary skeletal muscle tissues?

A
  • nuclei - multinucleate (multiple nuclei)
  • striations - forming myofilaments that are precisely alligned
  • muscle fibres
49
Q

Define - multinucleate

A

Multiple nuclei containing
eg. skeletal as more mitochondria for muscular contraction

50
Q

What are the compenents of cardiac muscle tissue?

A
  • involuntary
  • single nuclei - mononucleate
  • branched - multi fiberous
  • between branches = intercalated discs passing electric waves around muscle in coordinated impulses
  • striations - not uniform
51
Q

Define - mono nucleate

A

one muclei
eg. involuntary cardiac muscle tissue

52
Q

What are the components of smooth muscle tissue?

A
  • no striations - more jumbled up
  • muscle cells
  • nuclei - mono nucleate
  • eg. uterous
  • lozang/ tapered shape
53
Q

Define cell

A
  • smallest structural or functional unit of an organism’
  • This is not fully correct as there are also subcellular functions
54
Q

What are the three main divisions of a cell?

A
  • nucleus - DNA containing
  • plasma membrane
  • cytosol (cytoplasm) - everything else as all organelles are integrated in cytoplasm
55
Q

What does chromatin do?

A

containing DNA within the nucleus

q

56
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A

In nucleus - producing ribsomoes
RER has ribosomes covering it - as later produces proteins

57
Q

What is a nucleur envelope?

A

protective barrier of nucleus to rest of the cell

58
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Three main types in the synthesis of proteins. assosiated with RER

59
Q

What is the RER?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- with ribsomes on surface for proteins synthesis - mRNA is here

60
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A
  • factory to produce and package proteins
  • secreting in vesicles to travel around and out of cells
  • contain mature proteins and branch off golgi apparatus
  • exocytosis - occuring when proteins leave the cell
61
Q

What does mitochondia do?

A
  • produce adenine triosphosphate (ATP)
  • for metabolic reactions
62
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

break down things to remove from the cell (more managable packages)

63
Q

What are cytoskeltal elements?

A
  • fibres
  • made of intermediate filaments and microtubules
  • provides 3D structure of cell
  • porcesses in cell eg. locating organelles and transport vesicles
  • move the cell as push the membrane
64
Q

what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • lipid production and detoxification of toxic metabolise within the cell
65
Q

What is peroxisome?

A
  • breaks down fatty acids and produce some energy
66
Q

What type of layer is the plasma membrane?
What does this consist of?

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • phosphate head -tive hydrophilic
  • 2 fatty acid tails +tive and hydrophobic
67
Q

Whats the role of the plasma membrane?

A
  • waterproofing for protection
  • cell surface recpetors - sned chemical signals to other cells
  • recognition sites - eg. antigens
  • integral proteins eg. iron channels
  • membrane pumps - active transport
  • glycoproteins - cellular recognition
68
Q

Three types of gradients

A
  • concentration (difference in chemical concentration of a solute one area to another),
  • electrical (difference electrical charge of ions AKA potential difference across membrane or membrane potential),
  • electrochemical (separation of or difference in both electrical potential and chemical concentration between two regions)
69
Q

what are 5 membrane trasport mechanisms?

A
  1. osmosis
  2. diffusion
  3. facilitated diffusion
  4. active transport
  5. cytosis
70
Q

what is osmosis?

A
  • Movement of a solvent (water) molecules across a partially permeable membrane.
  • From area of concentred to area of dilute concentration.
  • passive process
  • down concentration gradient
  • Water slightly negatively charged
  • uses aquaporins to permeate
  • Increasing number of molecules within cell
  • voloume of cytoplasm increases
71
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • Passive transport of molecules across a membrane from area of high concentration to low concentration area.
  • down concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached
  • E.g., Oxygen, nitrogen, ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • uncharged
72
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A
  • Using membrane proteins in order to transfer charged ionic particles to cross the membrane
  • passive process with concentration gradient
  • membrane is selectively permeable
73
Q

What is active transport?

A
  • Active process using ATP to transfer molecules against the concentration gradient e.g., Sodium potassium pump
74
Q

Give an example of active transport

A

Sodium potassium pump
- 3 sodium out and 2 potassium in
- ATP hydrolysed to ADP and inorganic phosphate then condensed
- sodium potassium ATPase is energy used
- changes shape of pump moving Na out allowing K to attach and change shape again allowing K to enter the cytoplasm

75
Q

What is cytosis?

A
  • vesicular transport
  • Movement of clumps of material across membrane
  • groups of macromolecules
  • e.g., Bacteria
  • Active process – ATP required
  • Cell uses recognition sites to ‘grab’ microbes and changes the shape of cytoskeleton to engulf the microbe and integrate into cell making endocytotic vesicle – move around cell
76
Q

Define tonicity

A
  • water content of internal and external environment of a cell (effecting osmosis into and out of cell)
  • hypotonic - swollen - water in
  • isotonic - regular
  • hypertonic - strinkage - water out - can see cytoskeleton
77
Q

Define homeostasis

A
  • Ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing external environment e.g., Temp, salinity, ion conc., oxygen conc and pH
78
Q

What are the two subsections of homeostasis?

A
  • Feedback loops – negative – returning to equilibrium – stimuli, receptor, control centre, effector, feedback of results balanced e.g., Thermoreceptors
  • Positive feedback – moving further from equilibrium to enhance changes e.g., Breast feeding
79
Q

Explain the stages of homeostatic control of calcium

A
  1. Optimum 9-11 ml/100ml blood
  2. Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  3. osteoclasts increase rate they degrade bone tissue.
  4. As a result, Ca2+ concentration in the blood increases.
  5. negative feedback loop - more Ca+ less PTH
80
Q

explain the stages of homeostatic control of temperature

A

1.Nerve endings in dermis sense increased temp – signal CNS/ hypothalamus
2.Blood vessels vasodilate allowing deeper warm blood to floor dermis bringing excess heat energy to surface cooling blood and deep tissue
3.eccrine sweat glands produce sweat and evaporated to cool skin surface

Foundations of Health Sciences (30 decks)

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