SZ - Social causation hypothesis Flashcards
(21 cards)
What are the 4 key factors ?
- Social adversity
- Urbanicity
- Social isolation
- Immigration & minority status
What is social adversity ?
- Physical, intellectual, emotional & social needs
- Lower class & black immigrants higher rate of sz (4/1000)
- Experience different course for illness & treatments = police or social services/compulsorily admitted
What is supporting evidence for social adversity ?
Cooper = sz 4.1x higher in males classed as unskilled labourers than those as higher managerial
What is urbanicity ?
- Sz more associated with living in cities than rural areas
- Inner city living = more over populated & complex to get around, causes more stress
What is supporting research for urbanicity ?
Freeman = above average incidence in sz in Stockholm, Chicago, London & Nottingham
What does the graph of higher density living by Pederson & Mortenson show ?
- 1.4 higher sz risk from rural to capital
- Rural = less doctors & slower diagnosis
- Capital = more stressful jobs
What does Peterson & Mortenson’s graph 1 show ?
- Effect of change of residence of sz risk after 5 years
- Moving to higher population = increased risk by 0.4
- Moving to lower population = reduced risk by 0.2
What does Peterson & Mortenson’s graph 2 show ?
- Urbanicity exposure & sz risk
- +1.5 from 5-8 to 10-14
- Prolonged exposure to capital may increase risk of sz
What is social isolation ?
Withdrawal due to sz symptoms can worsen prognosis
What is supporting research for social isolation ?
- Faris = withdraw as they feel contact with others is stressful
- Isolation cuts individual off from feedback about what behaviours are inappropriate & absence of corrective feedback
What is immigration & minority status ?
Minority groups may experience racism frequently which can negatively affect mental health
What has census data in UK shown for immigration ?
- 4x as many cases in Afro-Caribbean & black immigrant populations as white indigenous population
- Afro = unemployed & living in poor city areas
- Black = social class, discrimination & educational attainment
What is supporting research for immigration & minority status ?
Boydell = 1st & 2nd gen immigrants at greater risk of sz
- Risk decreases as number of people with same ethnic background decreases
What is the diathesis stress model ?
- Combination of biological & environmental factors
- Environmental factors = stressors, act as trigger for biological factors & onset disorders
- Protective factors prevent from reaching finish line
What is the social defeat hypothesis ?
- Person exposed to hostile confrontations from another individual
- Result in being excluded from majority group & creates high stress
What is supporting research for social defeat hypothesis ?
Selten & Cantor-Graae = to explain link between social defeat & dopamine activity
- When male rat in another rat’s cage, submission & increased dopamine shown in mesolimbic pathway
How is Lederbogen supporting research ?
- Used fMRI scans to show urban upbringing & city living have dissociable impacts
- Prevalence of all psychiatric disorders increased by 38%, mood disorders by 39% & anxiety disorders by 21%
What is a criticism ?
- Reductionist
- Reason to argue a genetic component exists
- Only partial explanation
How is Vassos supporting research ?
- Meta analysis of correlating location
- 2.37x more risk in most urban areas compared with rural areas
How good is Vassos’ research ?
- Correlational research
- Not possible to state which factor
- Social drift hypothesis = reverse could be true
What are applications ?
- Draws attention to factors that affect mental health at community level
- Housing projects reduce overcrowding & encourage neighbourhood cohesion
- Help communities arm themselves against mental breakdown
