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IB Chemistry HL > T 10 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

T 10 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

How many bonds does the following atom have in an organic compound?

Carbon

A

4 bonds

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2
Q

How many bonds does the following atom have in an organic compound?

Oxygen

A

2 bonds

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3
Q

How many bonds does the following atom have in an organic compound?

Nitrogen

A

3 bonds

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4
Q

How many bonds does the following atom have in an organic compound?

Hydrogen & Halogens

A

1 bond

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5
Q

Synonym to “carbon chains”

A

Hydrocarbon skeletons

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6
Q

The (atom(s)/particle(s)?) that gives an organic compound its properties

A

Functional group(s)

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7
Q

Functional group of Alkanes
+ name of functional group

A

None!

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8
Q

Functional group of Alkenes
+ name of functional group

A

Double bond
+ Alkenyl group

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9
Q

Functional group of Alkynes
+ name of functional group

A

Triple bond
+ Alkynyl group

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10
Q

Functional group of Arenes
+ name of functional group

A

Delocalized electrons in a ring system
+ Phenyl group

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11
Q

Functional group of Alcohols
+ name of functional group

A

R-OH
+ Hydroxyl group

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12
Q

Functional group of Ethers
+ name of functional group

A

R-O-R’
+ Ether group

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13
Q

Functional group of Aldehydes
+ name of functional group

A

RCHO
+ Aldehyde (group?)

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14
Q

Functional group of Ketones
+ name of functional group

A

R-CO-R’
+ Carbonyl group

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15
Q

Functional group of Carboxylic Acids
+ name of functional group

A

R-COOH
+ Carboxyl group

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16
Q

Functional group of Esters
+ name of functional group

A

R-COO-R’
+ Ester group

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17
Q

Functional group of Amides
+ name of functional group

A

e.g. RCONH2
+ Carboxy amide group

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18
Q

Functional group of Amines
+ name of functional group

A

e.g. R-NH2
+ Amino group (amine group)

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19
Q

Functional group of Nitriles
+ name of functional group

A

R-CN (triple bond CN)
+ Nitrile group

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20
Q

Primary amine (structure)

A

R-NH2

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21
Q

Secondary amine (structure)

A

R-NH-R(‘?)

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22
Q

Tertiary amine (structure)

A

R-N-2R (bonds to three C or R)

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23
Q

Define a Homologous Series

A

[Series of molecules that] only differ by [the presence of] 1 extra C and its 2 H atoms. They have the same functional group and belong to the same family (class?)

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24
Q

Properties in a homologous series

A

Chemical properties remain ~ same

Physical properties gradually change as the carbon chain gets longer

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25
How does boiling point change in a homologous series? Refer to (alkanes/alkenes?) and alcohols
(Alkanes/alkenes I think) gradual increase going down the series; as the molar mass incr., so do the London forces --- more E required Alcohols also gradual increase (same reason^^), but start higher due to hydrogen bonds
26
Equation for the n of C & H in Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes
Alkanes CnH2n+2 Alkenes CnH2n Alkynes CnH2n-2
27
Equation for the n of C & H in Alcohols Carboxylic acids
Alcohols CnH(2n+2)O (alkane + O) Carboxylic acids CnH2nO2 (aldehyde + O)
28
Equation for the n of C & H in Aldehydes Ketones
Aldehydes & Ketones CnH2nO (both same!)
29
A structural formula provides info of...
... HOW the atoms are bonded together
30
Non-cyclic alkanes
not in a ring (think "normal")
31
Isomers =
= same molecular formula (consisting particles), but different structures
31
How do you name Alkanes?
1. Longest carbon chain - end of name 2. Number carbons so those w substituents have lowest possible 3. Name substituents + alphabetize
32
What are these substituents called? Cl, F, Br, I
Chloro, Fluoro, Bromo, Iodo
33
What are these substituents called? CH3, C2H5, C3H7, ...
Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, ...
34
How do you name Alkenes?
1. Longest carbon chain that INCLUDES double bond - use name + -ene 2. Number carbons so those WITH double bond have lowest possible number 3. Name substituents + alphabetize
35
How do you name Alkynes?
1. Longest carbon chain that INCLUDES triple bond - use name + -yne 2. Number carbons so those WITH triple bond have lowest possible number 3. Name substituents + alphabetize
36
Functional group of + How do you name ALCOHOLS?
R-OH usual + ending -ol
37
Functional group of + How do you name ALDEHYDES?
R-CHO usual (-number always 1) + ending -al
38
Functional group of + How do you name KETONES?
R-CO-R' usual + ending -one
39
Functional group of + How do you name CARBOXYLIC ACIDS?
R-COOH usual (-number, always 1) + ending -oic acid
40
Functional group of + How do you name HALOGENOALKANES?
R-X the halogen is a substituent
41
Functional group of + How do you name ARENES?
Benzene ring substituents + benzene
42
What is benzene called when it is a substituent?
= phenyl
43
Functional group of + How do you name ESTERS?
R-COO-R' split between the O-R' R-COO = alkane name + -oate -R' = alkyl group (methyl, ethyl, propyl etc) put together = **yl **oate
44
Functional group of + How do you name AMINES? Primary & not
R-NH2 (ex?) Primary: use as substituent e.g. Amino ethane, 2-amino propane Not primary: use -amine and substiuents e.g. dimethyl amine, ethyl-methyl amine
45
Functional group of + How do you name AMIDES?
R-CONH2 ending: -amide
46
Functional group of + How do you name NITRILES?
R-CN ending: -nitrile e.g. Propanenitrile
47
What is a PRIMARY carbon? & Its notation?
C atom only bonds to ONE other C atom 1°
48
What is a SECONDARY carbon? & Its notation?
C atom bonds to TWO other C atoms 2°
49
What is a TERTIARY carbon? & Its notation?
C atom bonds to THREE other C atoms 3°
50
Define volatility + what is considered volatile?
How easily it forms gas/Ease to evaporate at room T Low boiling point (<100°C) considered volatile
51
What does the boiling point depend on?
length of carbon chain --- incr. M --- stronger London Forces
52
Is a straight or branched chain/compound more volatile? + why?
Branched! Straight - closer -- larger surface A in contact ---- stronger L.F. Branched - molecules further apart -- smaller surface A in contact ---- weaker L.F. --- more volatile
53
Are aldehydes, ketones and halogeoalkanes volitile? Explain + how it changes
w. short C-chains (low boiling point) volatile as length incr. --- less volatile (decr)
54
Volatility of halogenoalkanes
rather high molecular masses --- reasonably high b.p. (low volatility) but the smallest still considered volatile
55
Volatility alcohols, carboxylic acids
Alcohols and carboxylic acids have hydrogen bonds that are stronger than dipole-dipole and London forces. Methanol and Ethanol have boiling points below 100 °C and are therefore considered volatile.
56
Volatility aldehydes, ketones, halogenoalkanes
Aldehydes, ketones and halogenoalkanes have dipole-dipole and London forces. Aldehydes and ketones with short carbon chains have low boiling points and are volatile, but as the carbon chain length increase the volatility decreases.
57
An organic compounds solubility in water depends on...
... the polarity of the functional grp (+n of them) & the chain length
58
Is a longer carbon chain more or less likely to dissolve in water?
Less! longer C-chain --- less likely to dissolve in water
59
Solubility alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids in water? + how it changes
alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids w. short carbon chains easily soluble. As length incr. --- sol. decr. The n of funct.grps also influences sol.
60
What is the physical evidence for the structure of benzene? (3 points)
1. Same bond lengths 2. The C-C-C bond angles are all the same 3. The molecule is planar (flat)
61
What is the chemical evidence for the structure of benzene? (3 points)
1. The enthalpy of hydrogenation of benzene is lower than expected. 2. There is only one isomer of 1,2-dihalogenobenzene (if double bonds there would be 2) 3. If it had double bonds it would react in addition reactions, but it doesn't; instead it undergoes Substitution reactions.
62
Are alkanes reactive or not? + why
Alkanes are quite unreactive (inert), due to the rel. strong C-C and C-H bonds and bc of the low polarity of these bonds
63
What are the main reactions of alkanes?
* Combustion w. oxygen * Substitution reactions w. halogens in UV-light
64
Explain the combustion w oxygen (alkanes)
alkanes burn in oxygen/air →CO2 + H2O highly exothermic (bonds prod much stronger than react.) (used as fuels) Not always complete combustion. If not enough O2 → CO (toxic) + somet. C (inhale danger.) Sometimes doesn't burn Also env problem as → CO2 → global warming
65
Explain the substitution reaction w. halogens (for alkanes). + what does it require?
Alkane + halogen (X2) → halogenoalkane + HX Requires UV-light
66
Mechanism chlorination of methane
67
What does volatility relate/refer to?
A substance’s ease of evaporating at room temperature.

IB Chemistry HL (8 decks)

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