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1
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts are the organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs

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2
Q

What surrounds each chloroplast?

A

A double-membrane envelope

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3
Q

What is the fluid inside chloroplasts called?

A

Stroma

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4
Q

What stage of photosynthesis occurs in the stroma?

A

Light-independent stage

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5
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Fluid-filled sacs that stack to form structures known as grana

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6
Q

What is the function of the thylakoid membranes?

A

Site of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis

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7
Q

What do the membranes of the grana provide?

A

A large surface area to increase the number of light-dependent reactions

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8
Q

What is produced during the light-dependent stage?

A

Reduced NADP and ATP

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9
Q

What process is used to produce ATP in the light-dependent stage?

A

Photophosphorylation

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10
Q

What is the Calvin cycle?

A

Reactions in the light-independent stage that produce complex organic molecules

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11
Q

List some carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis.

A
  • Starch (for storage)
  • Sucrose (for translocation)
  • Cellulose (for making cell walls)
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12
Q

What role do pigments play in chloroplasts?

A

They absorb different wavelengths of light

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13
Q

Where are the photosynthetic pigments located?

A

In the thylakoid membranes

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14
Q

What is the primary purpose of the light-dependent reactions?

A

To produce ATP and reduced NADP

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15
Q

True or False: The light-independent stage occurs in the thylakoids.

A

False

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the fluid that fills the chloroplasts and surrounds thylakoids.

A

Stroma

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17
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacks of thylakoids

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18
Q

What are stroma lamellae?

A

Membranous channels that connect the grana

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19
Q

What type of ribosomes are found in the stroma?

A

70S ribosomes

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20
Q

What does the loop of DNA in the stroma code for?

A

Some chloroplast proteins

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21
Q

What is the significance of the arrangement of pigment molecules in thylakoids?

A

Ensures maximum light capture

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22
Q

What is the primary pigment reaction center in a photosystem?

A

The site where energy is transferred to initiate photosynthesis

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23
Q

What is photolysis?

A

The process of breaking down water to produce electrons for the light-dependent reactions

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24
Q

How is energy from ATP used in the Calvin cycle?

A

To convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules

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25
What is the difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions?
Light-dependent reactions require light and occur in thylakoids, while light-independent reactions do not require light and occur in the stroma
26
What are thylakoids?
Thylakoids are structures that absorb different wavelengths of light and stack to form granum. ## Footnote Thylakoids are essential for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
27
What structures do thylakoids form when stacked?
Grana (singular - granum) ## Footnote Grana are important for increasing the surface area for light absorption.
28
What is the function of the thylakoid membrane system?
To provide a large number of pigment molecules arranged to absorb light effectively. ## Footnote This arrangement ensures maximum light absorption necessary for photosynthesis.
29
What are light-harvesting clusters in thylakoids called?
Photosystems ## Footnote Photosystems are essential for capturing and transferring light energy.
30
How are pigment molecules arranged in a photosystem?
In funnel-like structures in the thylakoid membrane. ## Footnote This arrangement facilitates energy transfer to the primary pigment reaction center.
31
Where does the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis occur?
In the thylakoid membranes and thylakoid spaces. ## Footnote This stage requires pigments, enzymes, and electron carriers.
32
What colors do chlorophylls reflect, causing plants to appear green?
Green light ## Footnote Chlorophylls absorb blue-violet and red light, reflecting green.
33
What is an absorption spectrum?
A graph showing the absorbance of different wavelengths of light by a particular pigment. ## Footnote It helps to identify which wavelengths are absorbed by pigments like chlorophyll.
34
What is an action spectrum?
A graph showing the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light. ## Footnote It indicates which wavelengths are most effective for photosynthesis.
35
What is the relationship between absorption spectra and action spectra?
There is a strong correlation, with both showing peaks at blue-violet and red regions and a trough in the green-yellow region. ## Footnote This relationship highlights the effectiveness of certain wavelengths in photosynthesis.
36
What is chromatography?
An experimental technique used to separate mixtures of substances. ## Footnote In photosynthesis, chromatography separates chloroplast pigments.
37
What are the two common techniques for separating photosynthetic pigments?
* Paper chromatography * Thin layer chromatography ## Footnote Each technique has different mechanisms for component separation.
38
What does the retardation factor (R) indicate?
The distance traveled by a component divided by the distance traveled by the solvent. ## Footnote R values help identify pigments based on their solubility.
39
Which pigments generally have the highest R values?
Carotenoids ## Footnote Carotenoids usually have R values close to 1, indicating high solubility.
40
What is photolysis in the context of photosynthesis?
The breakdown of water using light energy to produce hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen. ## Footnote This process occurs in the thylakoid lumen.
41
What is produced during photophosphorylation?
ATP ## Footnote ATP is produced using a proton gradient and the enzyme ATP synthase.
42
What are the types of photophosphorylation?
* Cyclic photophosphorylation * Non-cyclic photophosphorylation ## Footnote The type depends on the involvement of photosystems I and II.
43
What is the primary pigment in Photosystem II?
P680 ## Footnote This pigment absorbs light at a wavelength of 680nm.
44
What is the primary pigment of Photosystem II?
P680 ## Footnote Absorbs light at a wavelength of 680nm
45
What process occurs at Photosystem II?
Photolysis of water ## Footnote This is where water is split into hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen
46
What is the primary pigment of Photosystem I?
P700 ## Footnote Absorbs light at a wavelength of 700nm
47
Where does the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis take place?
Thylakoid membrane and thylakoid lumen
48
What is cyclic photophosphorylation?
Involves Photosystem I only ## Footnote Light is absorbed and electrons are recycled back to the chlorophyll
49
What is the role of ATP in photosynthesis?
Used during the light-independent reactions
50
What is chemiosmosis?
Movement of protons down their concentration gradient ## Footnote Provides energy for ATP synthesis
51
What are the two key differences between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
Cyclic involves only Photosystem I and does not produce reduced NADP
52
What is non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
Involves both Photosystem I and Photosystem II
53
What enzyme catalyzes the photolysis of water?
Oxygen-evolving complex
54
What is produced as a waste product during the photolysis of water?
Oxygen
55
What do the excited electrons from Photosystem I combine with to form reduced NADP?
Hydrogen ions and NADP
56
What is the chemical equation for the photolysis of water?
2 H2O → 4H+ + 4e- + O2
57
What is the function of the electron transport chain?
Transports excited electrons and releases energy
58
Fill in the blank: The process of synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate is called ______.
Chemiosmosis
59
True or False: Non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP and reduced NADP.
True
60
What is the initial energy source for ATP synthesis in photophosphorylation?
Light
61
What happens to the de-energized electrons from Photosystem II?
They are taken up by Photosystem I
62
What is the process of photophosphorylation?
Involves the active transport of protons across the thylakoid membrane.
63
What process allows protons to move back across the thylakoid membrane?
Chemiosmosis.
64
During photophosphorylation, protons are first actively transferred from the _______ to the thylakoid space.
stroma
65
The Calvin Cycle is also known as the _______ stage of photosynthesis.
light-independent
66
What are the main inputs from the light-dependent stage used in the Calvin Cycle?
* ATP * Reduced NADP
67
Name three complex organic molecules produced during the Calvin Cycle.
* Starch * Sucrose * Cellulose
68
The Calvin Cycle can take place in light or _______.
darkness
69
What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin Cycle?
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco).
70
What is the initial product formed when carbon dioxide combines with ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)?
An unstable six-carbon compound.
71
The six-carbon compound formed in the Calvin Cycle splits into two molecules of _______.
glycerate 3-phosphate (GP)
72
Glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) is converted into _______ during the Calvin Cycle.
triose phosphate (TP)
73
What is the role of ATP and reduced NADP in the reduction of glycerate 3-phosphate?
They provide energy and hydrogen.
74
One-sixth of the triose phosphate (TP) molecules are used to produce useful _______ needed by the plant.
organic molecules
75
Triose phosphates can condense to become _______ phosphates.
hexose
76
What can glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) be used to produce?
Some amino acids.
77
What is required for the regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)?
ATP.
78
Which molecules are produced from triose phosphate (TP) in the Calvin Cycle?
* Hexose phosphates * Lipids * Amino acids
79
True or False: The Calvin Cycle requires direct energy from light to proceed.
False

Photosynthesis (1 decks)

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