T Flashcards by Abby hargreaves

Chemical testing

Serological rabbit serum with anti human antibody with othe serum to work out similarity
Phylogeny gorilla chimp human

Amino acid cellular respiration sense of evolutionary framework

DNa base code change same protein diff dna cause set has diff agg agt agc
Hybridisation - compares DNS by heating

Karyoptype - compares chromosomes
Position on centimetre and banding

Regulatory genes epithillaril cells muscle nerve

Mitochondrial DNa traces direct genetic lines had not under gone recombination

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Evidence

Palaeontology fossils radioactive dating decomp soft body svavengers
Trace impression

Georgrsphical distribution baobab trees Africa Madagascar Australia
Supports plate tectonics

Comparative anatomy
Bird whale cat human deals with sim and diff in structures homo diverge above ana converge squirrel glider and vest human horse diverge

Comparative embryology
Same when embryo bunny cow pig human

Chemical evidence observe phenotypes then genotype a unravel DNa

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Theories

Lamarck evolution occurs by transmission of acquired characteristics brought about by use or disuse

Darwin
Variations best adapted to environment will survive and produce offspring because favoured

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Natural selection revsacd

Reproduction 
Excess potential offspring
Variation
Selection
Adapt over time
Chance effects
Divergence and speciation

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Variation

Mutation random error in generic blue print chromosomes DNS change
Low doesn’t change much

Sexual reproduction
Recom during meiosis
Asexual no variation ie violets

Gene flow
Immigrants emigrants genetic exchange

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Selection eg key factor in achieving genetic equil

Chemical control sheep blowfly 1955 dieldrin 12 2 2 ecpenxice

Finches beaks selected to help eat

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Gene pool

Subtotal of all alleles of individuals

Population

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Evolution is change of allele frequency

No chane genetic equil

Change peppered moths

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Hardy

Pop large

No mutations

No migration

Random repro

No selection pressure all not met hence micro evolution

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Biological species

Group of organisms that interbred and isolate from other organisms

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How species recognised

Morphology size shape appearance

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2 types population

Continuous distrib

Fragmented

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Gene flow

Migration gain loss of alleles

Small pop at risk
Large pop not Change

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Genetic drift

Some can’t reproduce won’t pass on genes

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Why pop small

Seasonal climate change
Disease heavy prediction
Catostropy

Cheetahs ice age 
Led to sperm abnormal 
Decreced find fecundity 
High cub mortality 
Sensity to disease

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Founder

Isolated indiv non represent ice from parent pop evolve in different direction from parent pop

Small pop = subject to effects of random genetic drift

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Founder migrates will have

Limited mobility

Prevailing winds

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Natural selection acts of phenotypes

Reducing non favourable increasing favourable

Changes gene pool composition

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Assertive mating is bad cause decrease variation by

Mating neighbour
Choosing similar mate
Asexual - violets

Natural selection changes allele freq

This does not creat perfect organsi my

Ns direction of change stable

Depends on selection pressure favours common phenotype eg baby birthweight

Directional selectionsl

Favours one end of bell curve
Moths
Black bear size increased ice age decraed interglacial a

Diruptive

Eliminates midle of curve

African swallowtail butterfiked

Artificial selection

Humans chose is dog breeds

Advantage heterozygous

Sickle cell malaria Africa Aust

Fossil eg

Fish at Gogo in wa limestone inland sea

How old is fossil

Radio metric uranium to lead Igneous rock 200 million Radiocarbon to nitrogen 5568 years limited to 50000 years cause loss of carbon

Divergent homologous eg

Galapagos island finches

Phylog tree depends on

Morphical Physical Molecular

Cultural evolution

Language | Way to write

Speciation

New species via natural selection

Biological fitness

Measured by amount of fertile offspring in next generation

Relative fitness

Environmental and natural selection Eg replica plating

Gene flow eg

Duffy blood group

Genetic drift

Is change of allele freq via isolation and creating new colony

Genetic drift eg

Parma valley Italy

Genetic processes

Gene flow Genetic drift Natural selection Explains why pop changes

Speciation

1 divergent evolution 2 reproduction isolation 1 barrier splits and diverges 2 drifts small section - founder

Geographic isolation eg

Tasmanian devil in Miocene period

Genetic diversity = reproduction isolation

Barriers to gene flow

Mechanical isolation structures don't mate Behavioural frogs have different mating calls Elogical differ location

Human intervention eg

Australian blowfly sheep

Human intervention

Clearing habitats Hunting Over exploitation Domestication

Resistance depends on

No in pop Generation time Variation in pop

Technology

Gene manipulation

Variation occurs by

Genes and environment but only gebes pass on

According to the natural selection theory of evolution all living organism diverged from a common origin dating back to 4 million years ago