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SFM Final > T-Cell Mediated Immunity > Flashcards

T-Cell Mediated Immunity Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What do resting mature naive T-cells express?

A 
CD4+ or CD8+
CD28+
MHC/HLA Class I 
TCR complex (CD3 molecules and zeta) 
LFA-1 (adhesion molecule)
VLA-4 (adhesion molecule) 
CCR7 (chemokine receptor)
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2
Q

T-cells circulate and are activated in ________ organs.

A

Lymph (i.e., lymph nodes)

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3
Q

Innate immune response aids in initiation of T-cell activation through the generation of…

A

Acute inflammation

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4
Q

These alone are capable of activating naive T cells.

A

DCs

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5
Q

These can activate memory T cells.

A

B cells

Macrophages

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6
Q

What do CD4+ T cells activate?

A

B cells

Macrophages

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7
Q

Activated peripheral DCs – lose adhesive markers and up regulate _______. They increase expression of MHC/HLA and _______ then travel to secondary lymphoid tissue. Mature as they migrate, and present Ag to T cells.

A

CCR7

CD80 (B7)

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8
Q

Naive T cells enter the lymph nodes across the ________ in the cortex.

A

HEV (High endothelial venules)

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9
Q

T cells that encounter Ag proliferate and differentiate into effector cells, but T cells that do not encounter specific Ag leave the node through the lymphatics and travel to where?

A

On to the next lymph node

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10
Q

What provides an initial weak adhesion of naive T cells to HEV in lymph node?

A

L-selectin (T cell)

L-selectin ligand (HEV)

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11
Q

What provides stable arrest for T cells on HEV?

A

LFA-1 (T cell)

ICAM-1 (HEV)

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12
Q

What activates integrins and chemotaxis in T cell migration through HEV?

A

CCR7 (T cell)

CCL19 or CCL21 (HEV)

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13
Q

At the site of an infection, what provides the initial weak adhesion of effector and memory T cells to cytokine-activated endothelium?

A

E-selectin ligand (T cell)
P-selectin ligand (T cell)
E-selectin (Endothelium)
P-selectin (Endothelium

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14
Q

At the site of an infection, what provides stable arrest on cytokine-activated endothelium?

A

LFA-1 (T cell)
VLA-4 (T cell
ICAM-1 (Endothelium)
VCAM-1 (Endothelium)

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15
Q

At the site of an infection, what activates integrins and chemotaxis (in relation to T cells)?

A

CXCR3 (T cell)

CXCL10 (Endothelium)

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16
Q

There are two T-cell surface molecules that can bind to CD80 (B7). One is stimulatory, and one is inhibitory. What are they?

A

CD28 (stimulatory)

CTLA-4 (inhibitory)

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17
Q

What is another ligand/receptor relationship on T cells that is inhibitory?

A

PD-1 (T cell)
PD-L1 or PD-L2 (APC/Tissue)

***PD-1 has ITIMs on it

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18
Q

TCR/HLA Ag recognition changes integrin confirmation on T cells from (LOW/HIGH) affinity to (LOW/HIGH) affinity. This allows clustering of adhesion molecules and firm adhesion for immune synapse.

A

Low

High

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19
Q

2 signals are required for complete activation, which are?

A

1) Binding of MHC/Peptide complex to TCR

2) Maintains specificity of the response to the epitope

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20
Q

What is involved in the first signal?

A

MHC/Peptide complex to TCR
CD40L (T cells) to CD40 (APCs)
B7/CD80 (APCs) to CD28 (T cells)

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21
Q

Once the APC expresses B7, it also secretes cytokine which enhance T cell activation. What cytokine in particular does this?

A

IL-12

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22
Q

The Src family kinase associated with co-receptors CD4 and CD8 called _______, phosphorylates ITAMs on zeta-chains as well as the tyrosine kinase _______. This goes on to phosphorylate PLCy1 and other kinases that lead to activation of transcription factors (i.e., NFAT, NFkB, AP-1)

A

Lck

ZAP-70

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23
Q

Activation of T cells triggers a cascade of _______ production.

A

Protein

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24
Q

T cells recognizing antigen without binding of co-stimulatory ligands or cytokine support will not become activated, they will become…

A

Anergic

Tolerant

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25
T cells can promote proliferation via self-stimulation. ______ is an autocrine signal that binds to ______, which is always expressed as a low affinity receptor but when bound at high affinity then T cell proliferation and differentiation occurs.
IL-2 (T cell) IL-2R (Another T cell) ***IL-2a chain = CD25
26
Activation of naive T cells requires recognition of Ag presented by ______.
DCs
27
The effector T cells can recognize Ags presented by _______ and _______.
Macrophages | B cells
28
After the TCR is triggered by Ag encounter, ______ is transported to the cell surface. The stronger the stimulation through the TCR (and CD28), the greater the amount of _______ that is deposited on the cell surface. Acts as a signal dampener to maintain consistent level of T cell activation.
CTLA-4 | CTLA-4
29
What cytokines do Th1 cells secrete? What do they activate?
IFN-y IL-12 Target is macrophages and activates them Work against intracellular pathogens
30
What cytokines do Th2 cells secrete? What do they activate?
IL-4 IL-5 IL-13 Target is eosinophils and mast cells for activation Defends against helminths
31
What cytokines do Th17 cells secrete? What do they activate?
TGF-B IL-17 IL-22 Target is neutrophils for activation Work against extracellular bacteria and fungi
32
What cytokines do Tfh cells secrete? What do they activate?
IL-21 IFN-y OR IL-4 Target is B cells for Ab production Work against extracellular pathogens
33
T cells and B cells egress from LNs requires the receptor _______.
S1PR
34
If T cell or B cell is activated by Ag, _______ associates with and inhibits the function of S1P, inhibiting egress. ______ binding also reduces surface expression of the receptor S1PR on the cells. As a result, activated T cells are retained in the LNs long enough to receive the signals that initiate proliferation and differentiation.
CD69 | CD69
35
After cell division, CD69 expression decreases and T cells re-express high levels of _______ and are therefore able to exit the lymphoid organs.
S1PR
36
CD4+ T helper cells produce molecules that stimulate CTL differentiation. Which cytokine does this?
IL-2
37
After activation by APCs in the medullary area, CD4+ Th cells change their chemokine receptor expression and migrate to the edge of the follicular zone. Activated T cells start expressing _______.
CTLA-4
38
This type of T cells are found in higher numbers at epithelial boundaries, especially the gut mucosa. It is Ag restricted and can recognize non-protein Ag. Not restricted to MHC/HLA presentation.
Gamma Delta T cells
39
This type of T cell are CD4+ T cells that have been influenced by IL-2 and TGF-B. They have a novel transcription factor FOXp3.
Treg cells
40
Treg cells constitutively express CTLA-4 and CD25 and secrete...
IL-10 | TGF-B
41
What is the major difference between an effector T cell and a resting naive T cell?
An effector T cell is able to respond to specific Ag without the need for co-stimulation via B7 (CD80) - CD28 interaction
42
Th1 cells proliferate in response to...
IL-12 | IFN-y
43
What do Th1 cells activate?
DCs Macrophages NKs
44
What is the novel transcription factor for Th1?
T-bet
45
What does Th1 secrete?
IL-2 | IFN-y
46
IFN-y activates _________ against intracellular microbes. It also activates ________ to stimulate class switching and complement binding.
Macrophages | B cells
47
What stimulates class II HLA and B7 (CD80) expression?
IFN-y
48
Th2 cells proliferate in response to...
IL-4
49
What causes Th2 cells to respond?
Allergens | Helminths
50
What is the novel transcription factor for Th2?
GATA-3
51
What does Th2 secrete?
IL-4 IL-5 IL-13
52
Th2 cells stimulate isotype class switching to _______, which is important in allergic reactions. It also supports alternative macrophage development.
IgE
53
Th1 effector cells are necessary to combat (INTRACELLULAR/EXTRACELLULAR) microbes.
Intracellular
54
Th17 proliferates in response to...
IL-1 | IL-6
55
_____ responds to bacteria and fungus, and induces inflammation and leukocyte recruitment.
Th17
56
What is the novel transcription factor for Th17?
RORyt
57
What does Th17 secrete?
IL-17 | IL-22
58
Effector Th cells leave the lymphatics and re-enter circulation. They circulate until they are exposed to _________ molecules that allow them to migrate into the peripheral tissues at the sight of infection.
Inflammatory
59
How do CTLs kill microbes (intracellular)?
- - Release of granular enzymes (perforin) | - - FasL (CTL) and Fas (CD95) (other cells) induction of apoptotic pathways
60
How do NK cells kill?
Kill by granzymes (perforin)
61
What inhibits NK cells?
MHC Class I
62
What cytokines are required for memory T cell survival?
IL-15 | IL-7
63
(CHRONIC/ACUTE) infections can cause T cells to become "exhausted" and not respond to infection like they should.
Chronic

SFM Final (3 decks)

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