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MIMM 214 > T Cells 5 > Flashcards

T Cells 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what cytokines are involved in TH17 signal 3?

A
  1. THF-beta
  2. IL-6
  3. IL-23
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2
Q

what are the effector cytokines of TH17?

A
  1. IL-17
  2. IL-22
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3
Q

what is the master transcriptional regulator of TH17?

A

RORgammaT

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4
Q

how did the discovery of TH17 change the study of immunology?

A

originally believed TH1 and TH2 were the only T cells

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5
Q

what are the 2 general roles of TH17 cells?

A
  1. enhance neutrophil response
  2. mucosal immunity
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6
Q

what 2 types of pathogen do TH17 cells respond to?

A
  1. extracellular bacteria
  2. fungi
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7
Q

are TH17 cells involved in pro or anti-inflammatory response?

A

pro-inflammatory

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8
Q

what type of disease are TH17 cells involved in?

A

autoimmune disorders

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9
Q

describe the steps of TH17 activation

A
  1. signal 3: IL-6, IL-23, TGF-beta
  2. TF: STAT3 activated
  3. master transcriptional activator: RORgammaT gene is activated
  4. IL-17 and IL-22 secreted
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10
Q

IL-17 and IL-22 stimulate the secretion of what molecules? (3)

A
  1. Cytokines
  2. Chemokines
  3. Antimicrobial peptides
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11
Q

what type of autoimmune diseases and allergies are TH17 responses involved in? (5)

A
  1. Psoriasis
  2. Inflammatory bowel disease
  3. Asthma
  4. Rheumatoid arthritis
  5. MS
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12
Q

what type of cytokine is IL-17?

A

pro-inflammatory

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13
Q

what is the TH17 response called?

A

Type 3 Response

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14
Q

what are the 5 effector functions of TH17?

A
  1. induce production of antimicrobial peptides
  2. increase epithelial turnover
  3. induce other cells to produce G-CSF
  4. induce other cells to produce chemokines
  5. attract more TH17 cells
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15
Q

how does TH17 induce production of antimicrobial peptides?

A

IL-17 and IL-22 bind receptors and can induce epithelial cells to produce antimicrobial peptides

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16
Q

what do the antimicrobial peptides produced from TH17 do?

A

contributes to killing/slowing replication of bacteria

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17
Q

how does TH17 increase epithelial turnover?

A

IL-22 increases division and shedding of epithelial growth

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18
Q

what is the result of epithelial turnover by TH17? why?

A

Reduced bacterial growth

because bacteria adhere to epithelium to be able to colonize –> if increased turnover, hard for bacteria to grow and colonize

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19
Q

what cells do TH17 cells stimulate to make G-CSF? what cytokines do this?

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A

IL-17 acts on stromal and myeloid cells which secrete G-CSF

20
Q

what does secretion of G-CSF do? what type of mechanism is this?

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A

enters circulation and targets bone marrow precursors to differentiate into neutrophils

ENDOCRINE

21
Q

what cells do TH17 cells stimulate to make chemokines? what cytokines do this?

Study These Flashcards
A

IL-17 acts on stromal and epithelial cells

22
Q

what are the 2 types of cells that TH17 attracts with chemokines?

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A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. additional TH17 cells
23
Q

what do the chemokines secreted due to TH17 lead to?

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A
  1. chemokines attract NEUTROPHILS
    neutrophils cause:
    1. phagocytosis
    2. form NETs
    3. cytokines induce the release
    of granules that kill bacteria
    (extracellular in this case)
    and fungi
  2. chemokines recruits additional TH17 cells
24
Q

how do TH17 cells affect macrophages?

Study These Flashcards
A

IL-17 from TH17 will induce macrophages to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, like IL-1beta and TNF-alpha –> these will recruit more neutrophils, etc. to site of infection

25
what is psoriasis?
autoimmune disease that causes scaly red and white patches on the skin
26
what cytokine is a target for psoriasis treatment?
IL-17
27
what type of treatment is used for psoriasis?
monoclonal antibodies
28
what are monoclonal antibodies?
antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells so that they are all identical they bind specifically to the target to either activate or inhibit its activity
29
what are the 2 approaches to targeting IL-17 in psoriasis?
1. IL-17 receptor antagonist --> blocks signaling from IL-17 receptor 2. anti-IL-17 neutralizing antibodies --> binds IL-17 and prevents it from interacting with receptor
30
why are ppl taking anti-IL-17 antibody more likely to have extracellular fungus Candida albicans than ppl not taking treatment?
TH17 usually targets extracellular fungi so without IL-17 you cannot target the fungus i.e. TH17 activity reduced --> immunocompromised
31
what is signal 3 of TFH cells?
IL-6
32
what effector cytokines are produced for TFH cells?
IL-21 (main, in high quality) either type 1 (IFNgamma), type 2 (IL-4), or type 3 (IL-17)
33
what determines whether type 1 (IFNgamma), type 2 (IL-4), or type 3 (IL-17) is produced by TFH?
each type produces a specific antibody depending on pathogens
34
what is the master transcriptional regulator of TFH cells?
Bcl-6
35
what is the function of TFH cells?
activate B cells in lymph node
36
describe the signaling of TFH cells
1. signal 3: IL-6, but exact differentiation requirements not exactly clear 2. TF: STAT3 activated 3. master transcriptional regulator: Bcl-6 4. secretes IL-21, and IFN-gamma/IL-4/IL-17
37
what 2 T cell types use STAT3 as a transcription factor? how is it determined what master transcriptional activator is activated (and eventually the type of T cell)?
TH17 and TFH cells use STAT3 STAT3 is activated in both cases. If TFH is needed, STAT3 is activated then other molecules are released to suppress RORgammaT and activate Bcl-6 (and vice versa)
38
describe the activity of TFH cells?
1. TFH cells recognize pMHCII on B cells and directly interact 2. IL-21 and INFgamma/IL-4/IL-17 activate B cells to produce specific types of antibodies
39
what type of pathogens are targeted by antibodies made by B cells from TFH cell stimulation
all types of pathogens
40
what lineage are NKT cells from?
lymphoid lineage
41
what is the exact role of NKT cells?
unknown
42
what 2 types of cells are NKT cells similar to?
T cells and NK cells
43
what are 4 qualities of NKT cells that are similar to T cells?
1. express TCR 2. developed in thymus 3. undergo antigen receptor gene rearrangement 4. release cytotoxic granules that kills target cells and releases larges quantities of cytokines
44
what are 4 qualities of NKT cells that are similar to NK cells?
1. recognize specific lipid and glycolipid peptides on CD1 2. less diverse 3. kill target cells via apoptosis with activating and inhibitory receptors 4. don't form memory cells
45
why are NKT cells similar and different to T cells in terms of pathogen recognition?
similar: express TCR different: recognize lipid and glycolipid peptides on CD1 (not peptides on MHC)
46
what are the 2 ways that NKT cells can kill cells? which corresponds to NK cells and T cells?
T cells: kill by cytotoxic granules and large quantities of cytokines NK cells: kill by apoptosis via expressing activating and inhibitory receptors
47
CD1 vs MHC --> similarities and differences
very similar structure with similar subunits CD1 has LIPID antigen-binding groove MHC has PEPTIDE antigen-binding groove

MIMM 214 (33 decks)

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