t/f mixed Flashcards by Ammaarah Ebrahim

Acral lentiginous melanomas is the commonest form of melanoma is non-Caucasians.

True

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Pemphigus is most common in the elderly and is characterized by sub-epidermal blisters.

False. It’s characterized by superficial blisters. Sub-epidermal blisters = bullous pemphigoid

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Bronchopneumonia is characterized by diffuse consolidation of an entire lobe.

False. Characterised by patchy consolidation of several lobes

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Lobar pneumonia is rarely associated with sputum production.

False. It is commonly associated with sputum production

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Lobar pneumonia is rarely through the stages of red hepatisation before grey hepatisation.

False. It is always through those stages.

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Opportunistic lung infections with Pneumocystis jirovecii show alveoli with bubbly pink exudates.

True

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Primary tuberculosis usually affects the lungs bilaterally and involves apices.

False, secondary tuberculosis is nearly always located in the lung apices and sometimes bilaterally.

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Lymphocytic infiltration and follicular destruction are the histologic hallmarks of Graves disease.

False. Those are hallm,arks of autoimmune hypothyroidism

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Hypothyroidism can be associated with peripheral fungal infections and an enlarged edematous tongue

True. They are prone to candida albicans

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Autoimmune hypothyroidism is the most common cause of hypothyroidism and is usually seen in older women.

True

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Different types of thyroid cancers tend to affect different age groups

True

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Malignant melanomas always contain melanin

False. They can be various colours

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A TSH-secreting adenoma is associated with high serum concentrations of T3, T4 and TSH.

True

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Tuberculosis is an example of granulomatous inflammation without necrosis

False. There is necrosis in primary TB with granulomatous inflammation

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. A Reed-Sternberg cell (R-S cell) is derived from B-lymphocytes and is the characteristic cell of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas

False, it is the characteristics of Hodgkin’s lymphomas.

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Anemia could be indicative of a more sinister disorder such as acute leukemia.

True, having acute leukemia with normal hemoglobin and white blood cell counts is extremely rare.

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Multiple myeloma defined as a neoplastic proliferation of neutrophils.

False. Its a neoplastic proliferation of PLASMA cells

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The major clinical features of multiple myeloma are osteonecrosis and pathological fractures.

False, as osteoporosis with pathological fractures is most common skeletal abnormalities in multiple myeloma, the major clinical feature of the disease is BONE PAIN

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Oesophageal varices are not a feature of portal hypertension.

False

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Hepatocyte injury in alcohol liver disease is caused by acetaldehyde.

True

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Hepatocellular carcinoma is often associated with raised serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein.

True

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Auto-immune hepatitis occurs more commonly in males.

False. Mostly in females

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The serum level of caeruloplasmin is decreased in Wilson’s disease.

True

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Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of bacterial endocarditis in intravenous drug users.

True.

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Papillary muscle rupture causes acute mitral valve incompetence with resultant cardiogenic shock and death within 48 hours.

True

Mitral stenosis is a complication of Rheumatic heart disease.

True

Right to left cardiac shunting is characterized by early cyanosis.

True

A cardiac aneurysm develops in areas of prior myocardial infarction and may predispose to development of systemic emboli.

False. POST-myocardial infarction

BRCA mutations are linked with hereditary breast cancer.

True

Metastatic breast cancer to lymph nodes does not affect the prognosis of patients

False

HPV causes cervical cancer

True

An osteochondroma is a benign neoplasm and comprises of bone with a cartilage cap.

True

Osteosarcoma, a malignant neoplasm of bone, is mainly seen in young males, and commonly metastasises to regional lymph nodes.

False. lung and bones are the most common metastatic sites. To lymph node is rare.

Codman’s triangle is a radiographic description of slow growing bone lesions that typically elevate the periosteum.

True, osteosarcoma is the slow growing bone lesion.

Rheumatoid arthritis affects the weight bearing joints.

False, that is osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with high serum concentrations of Rheumatoid Factor (RF) and may be linked to other autoimmune conditions

True

Primary hyperparathyroidism is an important cause of osteoporosis.

True

Addison’s disease is the most common cause of adrenal insufficiency worldwide.

true

Primary tuberculosis may involve the adrenal glands with resultant inflammation (tuberculous adrenalitis) and loss of adrenal-cortical function (adrenal insufficiency).

True

General weakness, vitiligo and salt craving are commonly seen in Addison disease.

True

Pheochromocytoma of the adrenal cortex may result in malignant hypertension

- False. arise from adrenal MEDULLA. (Other than pheochromocytoma, adrenal cortical adenoma may cause hypertension. )

Pheochromocytoma of the adrenal cortex may result in malignant hypertension

- False. arise from adrenal MEDULLA. (Other than pheochromocytoma, adrenal cortical adenoma may cause hypertension. )

Pheochromocytoma of the adrenal cortex may result in malignant hypertension

- False. arise from adrenal MEDULLA. (Other than pheochromocytoma, adrenal cortical adenoma may cause hypertension. )

Loss of erythropoietin accounts for the anemia of chronic kidney disease.

True

Abnormal collagen deposition and degeneration of glomerular basement membrane is seen in thin GBM disease

False, seen in Alport’s syndrome.

44. Granular sub-epithelial IgA occurs in membranous nephropathy.

false its IgG

Fusion of podocyte foot processes is seen in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

True

Diabetic nephropathy frequently recurs in transplanted kidney tissue.

False, it recurs at Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS).

MALT lymphomas do not occur in the stomach

False

A volvulus is an investigation of a segment of bowel into another segment.

False, the invagination of a segment of bowel into another segment is intussusception. The bowel’s normal sequence of rotation and fixation failure is volvulus.

In Barrett oesphagitis the normal squamous epithelium of the upper oesophagus is replaced by mucous-secreting columnar epithelium.

False, its of the lower oesophagus

Carcinomas of the upper oesophagus are usually squamous in nature whereas adenocarcinomas are more often affecting the lower oesophagus.

True

A raised MCV may be seen in conditions such as liver disease and hyperlipidemia.

true

The peak incidence of Hodgkin's lymphoma is in the 3 and 4th decades of life.

true

Burkitt's lymphoma occurs only as an endemic neoplasm in equatorial Africa.

True

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma is the commonest type of Hodgkin's lymphoma

False

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma is the commonest type of Hodgkin's lymphoma

False

Vaso-occlusive crisis is the most common crisis encountered in sickle cell anemia

True

Actinic keratosis can be classified as a premalignant lesion.

True

Blue nevi occur in the superficial dermis and have a high tendency for malignant transformation

False

Melanoma spreads by haematogenous route only

False

The most common explanation for iron deficiency anemia in men and post-menopausal women is gastrointestinal blood loss

true

Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disorder with loss of mucus cells causing intrinsic factor deficiency

true

patients with sickle disease should receive prophylaxis to protect against pneumoccal infection

true

Bilirubin is the breakdown product of hemoglobin and circulates in an unconjugated water-soluble form

true

Wilson's disease is characterized by iron accumulation in the liver and brain.

false, its copper accumulation

Surgical removal of hydatid cysts in the liver may lead to anaphylactic shock.

true

In endocarditis only the heart valves are involved.

false

In infective endocarditis the most common organism is Streptococcus viridans

false

Corpulmonale is the result of right heart failure secondary to lung disease.

true

Corpulmonale is the result of right heart failure secondary to lung disease.

true

Pulmonary valve stenosis is one of the four abnormalities found in tetralogy of Fallout

true

Primary pulmonary tuberculosis usually manifests as cavitations of the apical aspect of the lung

false

Primary pulmonary tuberculosis usually manifests as cavitations of the apical aspect of the lung

false

H. Pylori can be transmitted via saliva

true

H. Pylori can produce acetaldehyde from alcohol which damages the DNA of the gastric epithelium leading to cancer.

true

Barrett's oesophagitis is associated with 100x risk of carcinoma at the lower end of the oesaphagus

true

Barrett's oesophagitis is associated with 100x risk of carcinoma at the lower end of the oesaphagus

true

Oesophageal adenocarcinomas occur more at the upper end and middle section of the oesophagus and squamous carcinomas occur more in the lower part of the oesophagus

false, swapped around

Achalasia occurs when a part of the stomach moves above the diagram and causes loss of sphincter tone and reflux oesophagitis

false

Intestinal polyposis in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is associated with risk of cancer, whereas familial polyposis is not

false, they are BOTH associated with cancer risk

Duke's staging of adenocarcinoma of the colon uses invasion of the muscular layer as prognostic indicator

true

Duke's staging of adenocarcinoma of the colon uses invasion of the muscular layer as prognostic indicator

true