T1: NEUROGLIA

Question 1

What structures are involved in the CNS?

Answer 1

Brain - Spinal Cord

Question 2

What is the function of Afferent and Efferent in the PNS?

Answer 2

• Afferent info carried to CNS

- Efferent instructions from CNS to effectors

Question 3

What are the 3 divisions of the PNS?

Answer 3

Somatic / Autonomic / Enteric NS

Question 4

What does the SNS control?

Answer 4

Skeletal mm.

Question 5

What does the ANS control?

Answer 5

• Heart
• Smooth mm
• Vessels
• Glands

Question 6

Parasympathetic NS is known as?

Answer 6

Rest and Digest

Question 7

Sympathetic NS is known as?

Answer 7

Fight or Flight

Question 8

What does the ENS control?

Answer 8

GI Tract

Question 9

A myelin-producing cell in the PNS, that wraps around an axon is known as?

Answer 9

Schwann Cells

Question 10

What is the gap in between the Schwann cells called, as they line up along an axon?

Answer 10

Node of Ranvier

Question 11

Describe the functions of a Myelin Layer/Myelin Sheath.

Answer 11

• Increase speed of impulses
• Prevent nerve signal leakage
• Acts as a phagocyte

Question 12

Myelin-producing cells in the CNS, that are more fragile than Schwann cells are known as?

Answer 12

Oligodendrocytes

Question 13

What is the disease that attacks Oligodendrocytes?

Answer 13

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 14

Which cell provides physical support to fragile neurons, forming a matrix to keep neurons in place? (Most numerous of CNS glial cells)

Answer 14

Astrocytes

Question 15

Describe the structure of Astrocytes.

Answer 15

Long branched processes ending on walls of capillaries

Question 16

A filtration system that alters the permeability of brain capillaries, is known as?

Answer 16

Blood Brain Barrier

Question 17

Glutamate excess causes cells to become overexcited and die.This process is called?

Answer 17

Excitotoxicity

Question 18

If the blood protein, Albumin leaks into the brain via a damaged BBB from a brain injury which inappropriately activates Astrocytes, a person may develop what disorder?

Answer 18

Epilepsy

Question 19

Presynaptic neurons, Postsynaptic neuron, and Astrocytes wrap around neurons to form a?

Answer 19

Tripartite Synapses

Question 20

The Tripartite Synapses contributes to structural changes in the brain, which is called?

Answer 20

Neuroplasticity

Question 21

Neuroplasticity can lead to a heightened response to painful stimuli known as?

Answer 21

Hyperalgesia

Question 22

Neuroplasticity can lead to a painful response to a normally non painful stimuli known as?

Answer 22

Allodynia

Question 23

Glial cells that cover the surface of ganglia are what type of cells?

Answer 23

Satellite Glial Cells

Question 24

A collection of cell bodies in the PNS are called?

Answer 24

Ganglia

Question 25

What is the function of Satellite Glial Cells?

Answer 25

- Supply nutrients - Protect/cushion cells - Similar to Astrocytes

Question 26

Cells that recognize, engulf and destroy infected, damaged or dead cells are known as?

Answer 26

Macrophages

Question 27

The resident macrophage immune cells of the CNS are?

Answer 27

Microglia Cells

Question 28

Describe the function of Microglia Cells.

Answer 28

Facilitate/coordinate responses between peripheral immune system and the brain.

Question 29

This molecule is released by cells and affect the behavior of other cells are called?

Answer 29

Cytokines

Question 30

What are Cytokines?

Answer 30

Pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules

Question 31

What are the two possible pathways where Cytokines can be transported into the brain?

Answer 31

- Humoral (Blood) Pathway | - Neural (Vagus Nerve) Pathway

Question 32

The 3 layers that function to protect the CNS from rubbing against the bones of the skull and spine is called?

Answer 32

Meninges

Question 33

This tough meninges layer that anchors to the skull is known as?

Answer 33

Dura Mater

Question 34

This delicate web-like collagen fibres that extends from the dura to pia meninges, is known as?

Answer 34

Arachnoid Membrane

Question 35

A vascularized membrane that firmly adheres to the brain is known as which meninges?

Answer 35

Pia Mater

Question 36

What lines the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord?

Answer 36

Ependymal cells

Question 37

What lessen the impact of a blow to head, and transport hormones to other areas in the brain?

Answer 37

CSF

Question 38

What is the function of Ependymal cells?

Answer 38

Produce CSF from filtered blood in the ventricles

Question 39

Where does CSF circulate?

Answer 39

Subarachnoid Space of brain and spinal cord

Question 40

What carries reabsorbed CSF back to the blood via the internal jugular veins of the neck?

Answer 40

Dural Sinuses/Cranial Sinuses

Question 41

Where can you locate the Dural Sinuses/Cranial Sinuses ?

Answer 41

Between two layers of dura mater

Question 42

CSF buildup within the ventricles, is a condition called?

Answer 42

Hydrocephalus

Question 43

The upper portion of the skull, consisting parts of the frontal/parietal/occipital bones is called?

Answer 43

Calvaria

Question 44

What is the spongy bone layer that separates the Calvaria, and gives the skull roof stiffness?

Answer 44

Diploe

Question 45

A localized mass of extravasated blood (clotted) is known as?

Answer 45

Hematoma

Question 46

What are the two spaces within the skull, where Hematoma can occur?

Answer 46

Subdural and Epidural Spaces

Question 47

A blow between the skull and the dura, causing a fracture that transects a blood vessel is a condition known as?

Answer 47

Epidural Hematoma

Question 48

What structure sits in a groove on the parietal bone, in the region of the temple?

Answer 48

Middle Meningeal Artery

Question 49

With again, what causes shrinkage in the brain that stretches and weakens the bridging veins?

Answer 49

Subdural Hematoma

Question 50

An old collection of blood and blood breakdown products between the brain surface and the dura, leaking from the vein is known as?

Answer 50

Chronic Subdural Hematoma