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Question 1

What is the definition of medication?

Answer 1

A substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of a symptom or for prevention of disease

Also called DRUG

Question 2

What should a nurse consider when administering drugs?

Answer 2

The general principles related to drug administration
* The various types of drugs and their uses
* Minimum and maximum dosage of drugs
* Effective means of administration
* Signs of idiosyncrasy or allergies
* Factors affecting method and time of administration
* New drugs appearing in the market

Medications may be given before or after meals

Question 3

What is a prescription?

Answer 3

Written direction and administration of a drug

If not available at the pharmacy, it should be written as “Doctor Garcia - signature ng nurse”

Question 4

What is the purpose of a pharmacopoeia?

Answer 4

A book containing a list of products used in medicine, with descriptions, chemical tests for identity and purity, formulas, and prescriptions

Example: USP - United States Pharmacopeia

Question 5

What is drug standard?

Answer 5

Drugs may have natural sources or may be synthesized in a laboratory. They must be pure and of uniform strength for predictable effects

Approved by FDA for exact strength and activity

Question 6

What is the scope of nursing as defined in RA 9173?

Answer 6

A person practicing nursing initiates and performs nursing services to individuals, families, and communities in any health care setting

Includes care during all life stages

Question 7

What are the legal responsibilities of nurses regarding drug administration?

Answer 7

Nurses are responsible for their own actions regardless of written orders and must recognize limits of their knowledge and skills

Administering incorrect dosages makes the nurse responsible

Question 8

What are the therapeutic effects of drugs?

Answer 8

Palliative, Curative, Supportive, Substitutive, Chemotherapeutic, Restorative

Each type addresses different medical needs

Question 9

Define side effect and adverse effect.

Answer 9

Side Effect: unintended secondary effect of a drug
Adverse Effect: more severe than side effects, may justify discontinuation of a drug

Question 10

What is drug toxicity?

Answer 10

Deleterious effects of a drug on an organism or tissue

Question 11

What are common mild allergic responses to drugs?

Answer 11

Skin rashes, Pruritus, Angioedema, Rhinitis, Lacrimal tearing, Wheezing, Vomiting

Question 12

What is drug tolerance?

Answer 12

a person has unusually low physiologic response to a drug and requires an increase in dosage for therapeutic effect

Question 13

What is cumulative effect in pharmacology?

Answer 13

The increasing response to repeated doses of a drug when the rate of administration exceeds the rate of metabolism or excretion

Question 14

Define drug interaction.

Answer 14

Occurs when the administration of one drug alters the effect of another drug

Question 15

What are the two types of drug dependence?

Answer 15

• Physiologic dependence
• Psychologic dependence

Question 16

What is the definition of illicit drugs?

Answer 16

Street drugs sold illegally, taken for their mood-altering effects

Question 17

What does half-life refer to in pharmacology?

Answer 17

The time interval required for the body’s elimination processes to reduce the concentration of the drug in the body by one-half

Question 18

What factors affect the rate of drug absorption?

Answer 18

• Blood flow
• Stress
• Food
• Exercise
• Solubility of the drug
• pH
• Drug concentration
• Drug form

Question 19

What are the essential parts of a drug order?

Answer 19

• Full name of the client
• Date and time the order is written
• Name of the drug to be administered
• Dosage of the drug
• Frequency of administration
• Route of administration
• Signature of the person writing the order

Question 20

What is a ‘stat order’ in medication administration?

Answer 20

Indicates that the medication is to be given immediately and only once

Question 21

What is the metric system’s basic unit of measurement for weight?

Answer 21

Gram (g)

Question 22

Convert 10 grams to milligrams.

Answer 22

10,000 mg

Question 23

What is the formula for calculating dosages for children based on body surface area?

Answer 23

Child’s dose = surface area of child (m2) / 1.7 m2 * normal adult dose

Question 24

What is the significance of the NDC?

Answer 24

Every prescription medication has a unique identifying number assigned by federal law

Question 25

What are the factors affecting medication action?

Answer 25

* Developmental factors * Gender * Cultural, ethnic, and genetic factors * Drug Polymorphism * Diet * Environment * Psychological factors * Illness and disease * Time of administration

Question 26

How is Body Surface Area (BSA) determined for children?

Answer 26

Using a nomogram based on the child's height and weight ## Footnote BSA is considered the most accurate method for calculating a child's medication dose.

Question 27

What is the formula for calculating a child's dose based on body surface area?

Answer 27

Child's dose = (surface area of child (m²) / 1.7 m²) x normal adult dose ## Footnote 1.7 m² is the average adult body surface area.

Question 28

What is the formula for calculating a child's dose per kilogram body weight?

Answer 28

Child's Dose = dosage x weight in kilograms

Question 29

What is Young’s Rule for calculating a child's dose?

Answer 29

Child's Dose = (age of child / (age of child + 12)) x average adult dose

Question 30

What is Clark’s Rule for calculating a child's dose?

Answer 30

Child's Dose = (weight in kg / 150) x adult dose

Question 31

What is Fried’s Rule for calculating a child's dose?

Answer 31

Child's Dose = (age in years / 150) x adult dose

Question 32

What are some common medication dispensing systems?

Answer 32

* Medication cart * Medication cabinet * Medicine room * Computerized medication access system

Question 33

What are the color codes for medication administration schedule?

Answer 33

* OD - pink (6am) * BID - yellow (6am - 6pm) * TID - blue (6-12-6) * QID - orange (6-10-2-6) * PRN - green * HS - red (9pm) * IVTT meds - white

Question 34

What are the three checks for safe medication administration?

Answer 34

* Before pouring, mixing, or drawing up medication * After preparing the medication * At the bedside before administering

Question 35

What are the twelve 'rights' of drug administration?

Answer 35

* RIGHT DRUG * RIGHT DOSE * RIGHT TIME * RIGHT ROUTE * RIGHT PATIENT * RIGHT DOCUMENTATION * RIGHT APPROACH/TECHNIQUE * RIGHT FREQUENCY * RIGHT OF THE CLIENT TO BE INFORMED * RIGHT OF CLIENT TO REFUSE * RIGHT ASSESSMENT * RIGHT EVALUATION

Question 36

Why is knowledge of growth and development important for nurses administering medications?

Answer 36

It impacts administration of medications for all age groups, particularly the very young and the very old.

Question 37

What is a common method to make oral medications more palatable for children?

Answer 37

Preparing them in sweetened liquid form.

Question 38

What physiologic changes associated with aging influence medication administration?

Answer 38

* Altered memory * Less acute vision * Decreased renal function * Slower absorption from the GIT * Increased fat to lean body mass ratio * Decreased liver function

Question 39

What is the advantage of the oral route of drug administration?

Answer 39

Convenient, less expensive, and safe.

Question 40

What are the disadvantages of the oral route of drug administration?

Answer 40

* Unpleasant taste * Irritates gastric mucosa * Patient must be conscious * Digestive juices may destroy drug * Potential for aspiration * May be harmful to teeth * Slow onset of action

Question 41

What are the types of solid drug forms?

Answer 41

* SCORED TABLET * ENTERIC COATED TABLET * TIME-RELEASED TABLET * CAPSULE * POWDER

Question 42

What are the types of liquid drug forms?

Answer 42

* SYRUP * SUSPENSION * EMULSION

Question 43

What is the advantage of the sublingual route?

Answer 43

Ensures greater potency as the drug enters directly into the blood.

Question 44

What is the topical route of drug administration?

Answer 44

Drug acts locally or is absorbed directly through the skin.

Question 45

What should be done during transdermal patch administration?

Answer 45

Use gloves when applying medication over large surfaces.

Question 46

What is the proper technique for administering eye drops?

Answer 46

Clean eyelid and eyelashes from inner to outer canthus and instill drops into lower conjunctival sac.

Question 47

What is the proper technique for instilling ear drops in children under 3 years?

Answer 47

Pull pinna downward and backward.

Question 48

How should nasal medications be administered?

Answer 48

Elevate the nares slightly while the client inhales.

Question 49

What are the types of nebulizers?

Answer 49

* Ultrasonic * Metered Dose Inhaler * Dry-Powder Inhaler * Atomizers

Question 50

What are the parts of a needle?

Answer 50

* Gauge * Bevel

Question 51

What are the types of syringes?

Answer 51

* Standard * Tuberculin * Insulin

Question 52

What is an ampule?

Answer 52

Thin walled disposable glass container with a narrow neck.

Question 53

What is a vial?

Answer 53

Single or multi-dose container with a rubber stopper.

Question 54

What angle should intramuscular injections be administered?

Answer 54

90 degrees

Question 55

What is the preferred site for intramuscular injections in infants and children?

Answer 55

Vastus Lateralis

Question 56

What is the Z-track technique?

Answer 56

Seals the needle track to prevent medication from leaking out.

Question 57

What is the common site for intravenous medication administration?

Answer 57

Veins in the arms or hands.

Question 58

What is the difference between IV push and intermittent infusion?

Answer 58

* IV push: injected undiluted directly into circulation * Intermittent infusion: given through the port of a running IV line

Question 59

What should be assessed before, during, and after administering intravenous medications?

Answer 59

The client for signs of adverse reactions.

Question 60

What is an IV piggyback?

Answer 60

A smaller (secondary) container connected to the primary infusion line at the upper port

Question 61

What are Volume-Control Infusion Sets used for?

Answer 61

To effectively control the infusion of smaller amounts of solutions using solu-set, buretrol, pediatrol

Question 62

What is the first step in planning for infusion?

Answer 62

Determine need for special preparation

Question 63

What should be done after determining needed equipment in the planning stage?

Answer 63

Wash hands observing proper technique

Question 64

What should be established as a sample goal in planning?

Answer 64

Expected outcome

Question 65

What criteria should be evaluated to ensure proper medication administration?

Answer 65

The right patient received the right medication in the right dosage by the right route at the right time

Question 66

What is the purpose of the criteria specified in the plan of care (NCP)?

Answer 66

To ascertain the effectiveness of a specified drug