T2 Geography A Notes (AI ver.)

Question 1

What do contour lines on topographic maps represent?

Answer 1

Land elevation and shape

Closer contour lines indicate a steeper slope, while wider lines indicate a gentler slope.

Question 2

What is the definition of latitude?

Answer 2

Horizontal lines from the Equator

The Equator divides the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Question 3

What is the definition of longitude?

Answer 3

Vertical lines from the Prime Meridian

The Prime Meridian divides the Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Question 4

Provide an example of coordinates.

Answer 4

32°26’S 142°23’E

This example shows a specific location using latitude and longitude.

Question 5

List the compass directions.

Answer 5

• N
• NNE
• NE
• ENE
• E
• ESE
• SE
• SSE
• SSW
• SW
• WSW
• W
• WNW
• NW
• NNW

These directions cover all cardinal and intercardinal points.

Question 6

What is an Area Reference (AR)?

Answer 6

A 4-digit location

Example: AR 3652.

Question 7

What is a Grid Reference (GR)?

Answer 7

A 6-digit precise point

Example: GR 365527.

Question 8

What does a linear scale represent?

Answer 8

1cm = real-world distance

Example: 1km in real life.

Question 9

What does a ratio scale of 1:50,000 indicate?

Answer 9

1cm on map = 500m in real life

This shows the relationship between map distance and real-world distance.

Question 10

What are ground-level photos?

Answer 10

Images taken from standing on the ground

These provide a view of the landscape from a human perspective.

Question 11

Describe vertical aerial images.

Answer 11

Images looking towards the ground at 0°

These images provide a direct overhead view.

Question 12

What are oblique aerial images?

Answer 12

Images looking towards the ground at 45°

These offer a perspective that combines ground view with elevation.

Question 13

What are satellite images?

Answer 13

Images that do not show details, just land

These provide a broad overview of geographical features.

Question 14

Name two types of maps.

Answer 14

• Topographic Maps
• Choropleth Maps

Other types include political maps, cadastral maps, thematic maps, flowline maps, and synoptic charts.

Question 15

What do isobars represent in synoptic charts?

Answer 15

Air pressure/barometric pressure

Measured in hPa, close spacing indicates stronger winds.

Question 16

What does close spacing of isobars indicate?

Answer 16

Stronger winds

Wider spacing indicates weaker winds.

Question 17

What does rainfall on a synoptic chart indicate?

Answer 17

Rainfall in the past 24 hours

This helps in understanding recent weather conditions.

Question 18

What is a low pressure system characterized by?

Answer 18

Cyclone, air moves in clockwise

Low pressure systems are often associated with stormy weather.

Question 19

What is a high pressure system characterized by?

Answer 19

Anti-cyclone, air moves in anti-clockwise

High pressure systems typically bring clear skies.

Question 20

What do wind indicators tell us?

Answer 20

• Wind speed
• Wind direction

Wind speed is measured in km/h.

Question 21

What weather conditions are associated with a cold front?

Answer 21

• Cooler weather
• Higher wind speed
• Rain/storms
• Falling air pressure

Cold fronts often lead to abrupt weather changes.

Question 22

What weather conditions are associated with a warm front?

Answer 22

Normal weather/climate

Warm fronts generally lead to gradual weather changes.