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Module 203 Reproduction & endocrinology > T2 L3 Male & female reproductive endocrinology > Flashcards

T2 L3 Male & female reproductive endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What does GRH cause the secretion of?

A

LH

FSH

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2
Q

What effect does LH have on the testes?

A

Causes testes to secrete testosterone

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3
Q

What effect does FSH have on the testes?

A

Causes sperm production

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4
Q

What its required for sperm production?

A

FSH

Testosterone which requires LH to be secreted

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5
Q

Describe the negative feedback caused by testosterone

A

Testosterone suppreses GRH, LH and FSH secretion

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6
Q

What changes occur during puberty for males?

A 
Increased aggression and libido
Enlargement of the larynx
Male pattern pubic hair
Maturation of genitalia
Muscle development
Sperm production
Bone growth
Acne
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7
Q

Why does acne occur?

A

Due to increased activity of sebaceous glands in the skin

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8
Q

What causes bone growth during puberty in males?

A

Testosterone causes growth of long bones.

Requires oestradiol

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9
Q

Why does muscle development occur during male puberty?

A

There’s an increase in androgens which are anabolic steroids

Increased muscle growth leading to increased strength

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10
Q

What happens if you expose a 5-year old boy to high levels of androgens?

A

They will develop secondary sexual characteristics

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11
Q

What causes the development of male foetal anatomy?

A

Testes producing testosterone

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12
Q

What is the consequence of there being no hormonal influence on the foetus?

A

The foetus will develop female anatomy

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13
Q

What effect does FSH have on the ovaries?

A

Causes ovaries to secrete oestrogens

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14
Q

What effect does LH have on the ovaries?

A

Causes ovaries to secrete progesterone

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15
Q

What are progestogens?

A

Progesterone-like synthetic hormones used in contraceptives

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16
Q

What is the most common oestrogen?

A

Oestradiol

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17
Q

Which half of the menstrual cycle is oestrogen dominant?

A

First half

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18
Q

Which half of the menstrual cycle is progesterone dominant?

A

Second half

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19
Q

Describe the negative feedback of progesterone

A

Suppresses LH secretion

20
Q

Describe the negative feedback of oestrogens

A

Suppress FSH secretion

21
Q

In females, what determines whether you have LH or FSH secretion?

A

GRH secretion is pulsatile
Slow pulses cause FSH secretion
Rapid pulses cause LH secretion

22
Q

What is the consequence of pulsatility being present before the female baby is born?

A

The duration of the menstrual cycle is built into the foetus

23
Q

What happens to pulsatility if a female is exposed to testosterone or androgens?

A

Pulsatility is lost and GRH secretion becomes constant

24
Q

What changes occur during puberty for females?

A 
Bone growth
Female psyche
Fair complexion
Breast development
Widening of pelvis
Maturation of genitalia
Female pattern pubic hair
Subcutaneous fat deposition
Ovulation and menstruation
25
Q

Why does subcutaneous fat deposition in females occur?

A

Occurs instead of muscle development

Important for maintaining fat stores during pregnancy

26
Q

What happens in menopause?

A

Women stop producing oestrogen and progesterone which can cause regression of some secondary sexual characteristics
Ovaries stop producing oestrogen, lose negative feedback, LH and FSH secretion go up post-menopausal

27
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

14 days before 1st day of menstruation

28
Q

What is the consequence of an increase in FSH at the start of the cycle?

A

Increase in oestrogen levels
Oestrogen exerts a negative feedback over FSH leading to a decrease in FSH concentration and a decrease in oestradiol concentration

29
Q

What happens at day 12?

A

Surge in LH

Small surge in FSH - this doesn’t have a clear function

30
Q

What does the surge in LH on day 12 cause?

A

Secretion of progesterone and oestradiol for 7 days

31
Q

What does the surge in LH require?

A

36 hours of elevated oestradiol

32
Q

Describe the variation in oestradiol concentration mid cycle between individuals

A

Oestradiol concentration can come down very low mid cycle so they have a few days where there is no oestradiol or progesterone. Testosterone is then dominant which can cause acne

For other women, oestradiol concentrations hardly dip

33
Q

What are Graafian follicles?

A

Groups of cells containing the eggs

34
Q

What causes the Graafian follicles to mature?

A

FSH

35
Q

What happens when the Graafian follicles mature?

A

They secrete oestrogens

During maturation the ovum moves to the edge of the follicle.

36
Q

What effect does oestradiol have on the endometrium?

A

It causes it to thicken

Continued expression causes continued thickening

37
Q

What effect does progesterone have on the endometrium?

A

It causes growth of the endometrium to cease. Endometrium enters the secretory phase

38
Q

What happens to the endometrium when progesterone falls?

A

The blood vessels constrict causing the tissue to become hypoxic and die. The death of the tissue causes bleeding. After 18 hours of vasoconstriction, the blood vessels dilate and the increased blood supply washes off the dead cells.
The blood then clots

39
Q

What happens once the blood has clotted in the endometrium?

A

The blood clot breaks down into liquified clot and bits of endometrium which are then lost during menstruation

40
Q

When do prostaglandins get produced?

A

When the cells are hypoxic they start to produce inflammatory mediators such as progesterone.
Progesterones induce smooth muscle contraction leading to menstrual cramps

41
Q

What is the purpose of the cervix?

A

Prevents bacteria migrating from the vagina into the uterus which is sterile.
Oestrogens dilate the cervix to allow sperm to pass through

42
Q

What effect do progesterones have on the cervix?

A

They cause it to constrict.

Then cause it to dilate to allow menstrual flow

43
Q

What effect does oestradiol have on cervical mucus?

A

It causes the mucous to have a low viscosity to allow sperm to swim through it

44
Q

What effect does progesterone have on cervical mucus?

A

It causes the mucus to thicken so sperm can’t flow through it

45
Q

When does body temperature increase?

A

The day after ovulation

46
Q

What causes an increase in body temperature?

A

Progesterone

Module 203 Reproduction & endocrinology (52 decks)

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