T2: The Heart, Labs, Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards by Kalyn21Blessing .

Each heart beat pumps _____ mL of blood at a rate of:

60 mL at rate of 5L/min

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Amount of blood pumped per minute __________ with physical activity to meet __________

doubles
metabolic needs

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membrane that surrounds the heart, holding it in place
protects the heart

pericardium

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Blood flow: deoxygenated blood (8)

Body
superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonic valvue
pulmonary arteries
lungs

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Blood flow: oxygenated blood (8)

lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valvue
aorta
systemic arterial circulation

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The ________ carry oxygen and nutrients away from your heart, to your body’s tissues

artieries

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The _______ take oxygen-poor blood back to the heart

veins

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average pressure in a clients arteries during one cardiac cycle

MAP (mean arterial pressure)

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T/F: Systolic blood pressure is a better indicator of perfusion than MAP

False; MAP is a better indicator than Systolic BP

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Normal MAP range

Less than or equal to 60 mmHg
usually 70-100 mmHg

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MAP formula

((diastolic x 2) + systolic) / 3

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Calculate the MAP:
BP: 100/60

((60 x 2)+100) / 3
(120+100) / 3
73.333

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Mechanical properties of the heart

Cardiac output

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amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle each minute

cardiac output

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CO depends on the relationship between _____ and ____; it is the product of the two variables (____ x _____)

Heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)

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Normal cardiac output range

2.8-4.2 L/min/m2

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number of times ventricles contract in a minute

heart rate

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amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each beat or V contraction

stroke voluem

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degree of myocardial fiber stretch at the end of diastole and just before contraction

preload

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pressure or resistance that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood through the semilunar valves and into the peripheral blood vessels

afterload

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_____, _____, _____, and _____ all influence the SV and subsequently CO

HR
preload
afterload
contractility

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Normal Range: Cholesterol

<200 mg/dL

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Normal range: Triglycerides

F: 35-135 mg/dL
M: 40-160 mg/dL

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Normal range: HDLs

F: >55 mg/dL
M: >45 mg/dL

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Normal range: LDLs

< 130 mg/ dL

HDL/LDL ratio

3:1

Normal range: very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)

7-32 mg/dL

Normal range: C-reactive protein (CPR)

<1.0 mg/ dL

Normal Range: Troponin T and I

Troponin T: <0.1 ng/mL Troponin I: <0.03 ng/mL

_______ is not found in healthy patients, so any increase indicates cardiac necrosis or acute MI

Troponin

serum marker of inflammation and a common and critical component of the development of atherosclerosis

high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCPR)

protein is not normally present in urine

Microalbumin

Normal level: microalbumin

< 80 mcg/ 24 hrs

measures how long blood takes to clot reflecting the level of clotting factors and how well they were functioning

prothrombin time (PT)

Normal prothrombin time

11-12.5 seconds

measure the same process as the PT estimating a normal mean or standard for PT; calculated by dividing the patient's PT by the established standard PT

International normalized ratio (INR)

solutions that have an equal concentration of particulate as the intracellular space

isotonic solution

isotonic solutions are given to ____ and given for __(8)____

-given to increase intravascular space -given for: Hemorrhage Diarrhea Vomiting Fistulas wounds GI suction Shock Metabolic acidosis Administering blood products

Types of isotonic solutions (3)

-0.9% Sodium Chloride (normal saline) -Lactated Ringers (LR) -Dextrose 5% in water (DSW)

Solutions that have a lower concentration of particulates than the intracellular space

hypotonic solution

Hypotonic solution is given to ___ and given for __(3)___

-Given to increase fluid inside cells -given for: Hypernatremia Diabetic Ketoacidosis Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

Types of hypotonic solutions (3)

-0.225% sodium chloride (quarter NS) -0.45% sodium chloride (half NS) -DSW isotonic then becomes hypotonic

Solutions have a higher concentration of particulate as the intracellular space

Hypertonic solution

Hypertonic solution is given to ____ and given for ____(2)____

-Given to decrease fluid inside cells -Given for: Hypovolemia Hyponatremia

Types of hypertonic solutions

-Dextrose 10% in water (D10W) -3% sodium chloride -5% sodium chloride

Electrolyte that is in charge of transmission of nerve impulses, maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms, and contraction of muscles

potassium

Normal potassium level:

3.5-5 met/L

low serum Potassium concentration

Hypokalemia

S/s of hypokalemia (5)

-Bilateral muscle weakness that begins in the legs and can move up to respiratory muscles -Abdominal distention -Decreased bowel sounds -Constipation -Dysrhythmias

high serum potassium concentration

hyperkalemia

S/S of hyperkalemia (5)

-Bilateral muscle weakness in legs -Transient abdominal cramps -Diarrhea -Dysrhythmias -Cardiac arrest

Electrolyte important for the transmission of nerve impulses, contraction of muscles, blood clotting, and hormone production

Calcium

Normal Calcium values Found ____% in bones

8.4 - 10.5 md/dL 99%

Low serum calcium concentration

hypocalcemia

Hypocalcemia s/s (9)

-Numbness and tingling of fingers, toes, and around the mouth -Contraction of facial muscles when facial nerve is tapped -Hyperactive reflexes -Muscle twitching and cramping -Carpal and Pedal spasms -Tetany -Seizures -Laryngospasm -Dysrhythmias

high serum calcium concentration

hypercalcemia

S/S of hypercalcemia (8)

-Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting -Constipation -Fatigue, lethargy -Diminished reflexes -Decreased level of consciousness -Confusion -Personality change -Cardiac arrest

Electrolyte responsible for enzymatic reactions, protein synthesis, nucleic acid stability, and neuromuscular excitability

magnesium

Normal magnesium levels

1.5 - 2.5 mg/dL

low serum magnesium concentration

Hypomagnesemia

Hypomagnesemia s/s (10)

-Contraction of facial muscles when facial nerve is tapped -Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes -Muscle cramps and twitching -Grimacing, dysphagia -Tetany -Seizures -Insomnia -Tachycardia -Hypertension -Dysrhythmias

high serum magnesium concentration

hypermagnesemia

S/S of hypermagnesemia

-Lethargy -Hypoactive deep tendon reflexes -Bradycardia -Hypertension -Flushing, sensation of warmth -Decreased rate and rhythm of respirations, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest

Electrolyte regulates extracellular osmotic forces therefore it regulates water balance, transmission of nerve impulses and intracellular transportation

Sodum

Normal sodium level

135-145 meq/ L

Body fluids too dilate

hyponatremia

S/S of hyponatremia (3)

-Decreased level of consciousness -Seizures -Headache

Body fluids too concentrated

hypernatremia

s/s of hypernatremia

-decreased level of consciousness -thirst -seizures

Electrolyte that balances out other electrolytes like sodium; when sodium increases/decreases, so does:

chloride

Normal chloride level

98-106 mmol/L

low serum chloride concentration

Hypochloremia

S/S of hypochloremia (7)

-Confusion -Convulsion -Weakness -Nausea -Muscle twitching (seizures) -headache -weight gain

high serum Chloride concentration

hyperchloremia

S/S of hyperchloremia (5)

-Muscle weakness, spasms, or twitches -Irregular heart rate -Confusion, difficulty concentrating, and personality changes -Numbness or tingling -Seizures and convulsions

T2: The Heart, Labs, Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards

(75 cards)