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Physiology II E3 > T3 Autonomic NS > Flashcards

T3 Autonomic NS Flashcards

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1
Q

Efferent activity of the ANS is largely regulated by what?

A

reflexes, baroreceptor

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2
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

located in the major systemic arteries sensing blood pressure.

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3
Q

What happens if BP decreases?

A

sensory impulses to the vasomotor center of the brainstem decreases. Heart rate increases and vascular resistance increases.

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4
Q

Preganglionic neurons of ANS cell bodies are located where?

A

within the CNS

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5
Q

Postganglionic neurons of ANS cell bodies are located where?

A

peripheral ganglia

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6
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the ANS are myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

myelinated

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7
Q

Postganglionic neurons of the ANS are myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

unmyelinated

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8
Q

Preganglionic neurons use what neurotransmitter?

A

Ach

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9
Q

Postganglionic neurons use what neurotransmitter?

A

ach (parasympathetic) and norepinephrine (sympathetic)

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10
Q

What is the result of the sympathetic stimulation of ANS on glands?

A

secretion of large amounts of sweat

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11
Q

What is the result of the parasympathetic stimulation of ANS on glands?

A

strongly stimulates lacrimal, nasal, salivary and GI glands of upper tract.

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12
Q

What is the result of the sympathetic stimulation of ANS on heart?

A

increase in heart rate and strength of contraction

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13
Q

What is the result of the parasympathetic stimulation of ANS on heart?

A

decrease in heart rate and strength of contraction

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14
Q

What is the result of the sympathetic stimulation of ANS on systemic blood vessels?

A

constricts most blood vessels

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15
Q

What is the result of the parasympathetic stimulation of ANS on systemic blood vessels?

A

has almost no effect

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16
Q

What is the result of the sympathetic stimulation of ANS on arterial pressure?

A

results in acute increase in arterial pressure but little long term

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17
Q

What is the result of the parasympathetic stimulation of ANS on arterial pressure?

A

decreases pumping of heat but little effect on bp

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18
Q

What is the result of the sympathetic stimulation of ANS in general?

A

inhibits most ectodermal structures (GI, respiratory, endocrine, auditory, urinary)

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19
Q

What is the result of the parasympathetic stimulation of ANS in general?

A

excites most endodermal structures

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20
Q

What is the result of the sympathetic stimulation of ANS on eyes?

A

pupil dilation

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21
Q

What is the result of the parasympathetic stimulation of ANS on eyes?

A

pupil constriction and lens focusing

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22
Q

What is the result of the sympathetic stimulation of ANS on GI tract?

A

strong stimulation inhibits peristalsis. GI tract is not normally dependent on sympathetic stimulation

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23
Q

What is the result of the parasympathetic stimulation of ANS on GI tract?

A

promotes peristalsis and relaxes sphincters

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24
Q

Where do the cell bodies of each sympathetic preganglionic neuron lie?

A

in the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord

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25
All preganglionic neurons are _______.
cholinergic
26
Where doe post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons pass?
through the gray rami
27
What type of fibers are postgang sympathetic?
C fibers
28
Post gang symp fiber innervate muscles that...?
constrict blood vessels, piloerect hair, and change heart rate and force of contraction
29
Cervical sympathetics supply the face and thoracic viscera and are considered _________.
postsynaptic
30
What are the functions of the cervical/thoracic sympathetic chain?
- coronary artery dilation - increase heart rate - bronchodilation
31
What is the location of the thoracic sympathetic chain?
lies against neck of ribs and costovertebral junction
32
There are 12 pairs of thoracic ganglia. T2 goes where?
to neck
33
There are 12 pairs of thoracic ganglia. T3-6 go where?
to thorax
34
There are 12 pairs of thoracic ganglia. T7-11 go where?
to abdomen
35
There are 12 pairs of thoracic ganglia. T12-L2 go where?
lower extremity
36
Splanchnic nerves are composed of _______ fibers and visceral sensory fibers.
pregang
37
What do the splanchnic nerves supply?
abdominal viscera
38
Where do the splanchnic nerves synapse?
prevertebral ganglia
39
All preganglionic neurons are __________.
cholinergic
40
Where do the greater splanchnic nerves synapse?
celiac ganglion
41
Where do the lesser splanchnic nerves synapse?
superior mesenteric ganglion
42
Where do the least splanchnic nerves synapse?
aorticorenal ganglion
43
Where do the lumbar splanchnic nerves synapse?
superior and inferior mesenteric ganglion
44
What are the steps of NE synthesis
- hydroxylation of tyrosine to dopa - decarbox of dopa to dopamine - transport of dopamine into vesicles - hydroxylation of dopamine to NE - once neuron is stimulated, NE is released where it binds receptor depending on affinity
45
What happens after NE is released?
- broken down in cleft - recycled via NE transporter - taken up in to circulation
46
NE recycling?
- small amount is returned to vesicles - most is metabolized and metabolites are released into circulation - metabolites broke down to COMT, which is found in all tissues.
47
NE excites mainly _____ receptors
alpha adrenergic
48
Epinephrine excites ______ and _______ receptors.
alpha and beta adrenergic
49
What type of functions are alpha adrenergic receptors associated with?
sympathetic functions like iris dilation, vasoconstriction, bladder sphincter contraction and inhibition of neurotransmitter release
50
what are the functions of beta 1 adrenergic receptors?
cardioacceleration, increased myocardial strength, lipolysis
51
what are the functions of beta 2 adrenergic receptors?
vasodilation, intestinal relaxation, uterus relation, bronchodilation, calorigenesis, glycogenolysis, bladder wall relaxation
52
what are the functions of beta 3 adrenergic receptors?
thermogenesis
53
What are the drugs that block adrenergic activity?
reserpine, propranolol, and metoprolol
54
What is the function of reserpine?
block synthesis and storage of NE
55
What is the function of propranolol?
block sympathetic beta 1 and beta 2 receptors
56
What is the function of metoprolol?
block mostly sympath beta 1 receptors
57
What is the function of beta blockers?
block beta adrenergic receptors, and attenuate the actions of the sympathetic system by decreasing heart rate
58
What are the side effects of beta blockers?
fatigue, hypotension, bradycardia, associated with negative changes in blood lipid profiles, and associated with higher glucose and insulin levels.
59
What is the effect of alpha 1 blockers?
decrease blood pressure
60
The adrenal medulla is stimulated by what?
sympathetic system
61
What is secreted from the adrenal medulla?
80% epinephrine and 20% NE
62
Are secreting cells of the adrenal medullar pre or post gang?
post gang
63
What are the functions of circulating NE?
constricts blood vessels of body, increases heart activity, inhibits GI tract, dilates pupil
64
What are the functions of circulating epinephrine?
raises arterial pressure to a lesser extent than NE, increases CO more than NE, 5-10x great effect on metabolism as NE, increases metabolic rate of whole body (up to 100% above normal).
65
Alarm or stress response occurs when there is a mass discharge of the entire sympathetic system. What are the results?
- increased arterial pressure - rerouting of blood flow to active muscles - increased rates in cellular metabolism - increased blood glucose concentration - increased glycolysis in liver and muscle - increased muscle strength - increased mental activity - increased blood coagulation rate
66
What is the location of the post gang parasympath fibers, and what neurotransmitter do they use?
located in the wall of the organ; ach
67
What are the cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic signals?
oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
68
What is the path of the sacral parasymp nerves and what do they supply?
pass through the spinal nerve sacral plexus on each side of S2 and S3, and supply the colon, rectum, urinary bladder, and external genitalia
69
What is the preganglionic pathway of the oculomotor nerve?
from edinger-westphal nucleus to the ciliary ganglion
70
What is the postganglionic pathway of the oculomotor nerve?
from the ciliary ganglion to the pupillae muscle
71
What is the motor function of the oculomotor nerve?
innervate the skeletal muscles of the eyes
72
What is the parasympath function of the oculomotor nerve?
constrict pupillae of the iris and the ciliary muscles
73
What is the preganglionic pathway of the facial nerve?
from the superior salivatory and lacrimal nuclei to the submandibular/sublingual ganglia
74
What is the postganglionic pathway of the facial nerve?
to lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and mucous gland
75
What is the motor function of the facial nerve?
primary nerve to the muscle of facial expression, innervates muscles of the inner ear
76
What is the sensory function of the facial nerve?
carries sensation of taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue
77
What is the parasymp function of the facial nerve?
stimulates mandibular and sublingual glands to increase the flow of saliva, stimulates the nasal mucosa
78
What is the preganglionic pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
from inferior salivatory nucleus to otic ganglion
79
What is the postganglionic pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
to parotid gland
80
What are the functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
- carried general sensation and sensation of taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue - skeletal muscle to stylopharyngeus muscle - injury can result in impaired swallowing
81
What is the longest nerve in the human body?
vagus nerve
82
vagus nerve pierces diaphragm and becomes what nerve?
gastic nerve
83
What are the functions of the vagus nerve regarding the heart?
lowers heart rate
84
What are the functions of the vagus nerve regarding the GI tract?
- controls taste and saliva - increases stomach acidity, digestive secretions and gut flow - role in controlling blood glucose balance - assists in releasing bile
85
What are the functions of the vagus nerve regarding the kidneys?
promotes general function (filtration)
86
What are the functions of the vagus nerve regarding the repro sys?
helps control fertility
87
What are some effects of vagus nerve dysfunction?
IBS, anxiety, depression, high/low HR, difficulty swallowing, esophageal reflux, migraines
88
What enz catalyzes the reaction of acetyl coa and choline to acetylcholine?
choline acetyl-transferase
89
What enz catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine to choline and acetate ion?
acetylcholinesterase
90
________ is a poison from toadstools, and receptors are found on all effector cells stimulated by postgang cholinergic receptors.
muscarinic receptors
91
What adrengeric receptors are found in autonomic ganglia at synapses between pre and post gang neurons, and are present in NMJ in skeletal muscles>
nicotinic receptors
92
What is the mechanism of muscarinic receptors?
G protein
93
What is the mechanism of nicotinic receptors?
ion channels
94
What are direct parasymp cholinergic drugs that bind to ACH receptors?
nicotinic or muscarinic
95
What is an indirect parasymp drug function?
inhibit cholinesterase
96
Tear gas and sarin are ______ drugs
parasymp
97
What is primarily used to treat glaucoma and overdose is similar to nerve agents?
carbachol

Physiology II E3 (8 decks)

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