T3 Epilepsy Flashcards
definition of seizure
occurrence of at least 2 unprovoked seizures with or with convulsions separated by at least 24 hours. convulsion is violent / involuntary contractions of voluntary muscle.
general pathophysiology of epilepsy
- Influx of sodium
- influx of calcium
- release of glutamate
- activation of excitatory (glutamate) receptor (NMDA and non-NMDA - AMPA & KA) cause neuronal firing
- reduction of gaba inhibitor
action of glutamate if bind to NMDA or non NMDA receptor
if bind to NMDA, longer action but slow excitatory post synaptic potential
if bind to non NMDA, FAST excitatory
______ and ______ must bind to the NMDA receptor in order for it to open
glutamate and glycine
seizure happens due to __________ of excitatory and inhibitory transmitter
imbalance
causes of seizures in newborn
brain malformation
maternal drug use
lack of brain oxygen during birth
intercranial hemorrhage
inborn error in metablokism
low levels of glucose and cations
cause of seizure in infant and young child
febrile seizure
brain tumor (rare)
infection
cause of seizure in adult or child
genetic
head trauma
congenital condition (down syndrome, angelman’s syndrome, tuberous sclerosis & neurofibromatosis)
progressive brain disease (rare)
classification of seizure
partial seizure
generalized seizure
status epilepticus
unclassified seizure
other name of partial seizure
focal
class of partial seizure
3 class:
simple
complex
secondary generalized
difference between partial and generalized seizure
partial happens w local onset, genralized occurs without local onset happens bilaterally symmetrical
difference between simple and complex partial seizure
simple still concius, complex not concious
type of seizure under generalized siezure (7)
absence
myoclonic
clonic
tonic
tonic-clonic
atonic
infantile spasm
simple partial sizure comes with 3 type of symptoms
motor symptoms
sensory symptoms
psychic symptoms
complex partial seizure can happen with or without ______
automatisms
symptoms of partial seizure
- motor: muscle jerking and stiffening, lip smacking, chewing
- sensory: unusual sensation (aura), paresthesia
- automatism: sweating, pupil dilation, flushing, falling
- behaviour: loss of consciousness, hallucination and dysphasia (slurred speech)
symptoms of abssence seizure
blank stare
brief upward rolling of the eye
interruption of current activity
absence seizure is also known as
petit mal
absence seizure last for
less than 15 seconds
tonic clonic is also known as
grand mal
tonic-clonic seizure begins with what phase
begins with tonic phase then clonic
explain tonic-clonic seizures
the first phase is tonic phase. patient will become rigid abd fall on the ground with back ache for 1 mins. the respiration will be interrupted.
second phase is clonic phase. patient will experience rapid muscle jerking and muscle flaccidity. patient will suffer incontinence, tongue biting and heavy salvation.
clinical presentation of tonic-clonic seizure
cyanotic due to respiratory interrupted
rapid muscle jerking
muscle flaciddity
back ache
body rigid
incontinence
tongue biting
heavy salvation
deep sleep
