T3 infectious diseases

Question 1

define pathogen

Answer 1

pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious diseases

Question 2

name 4 pathogens

Answer 2

bacteria
virus
fungi
protists

Question 3

what do bacteria cells do inside the cell?

Answer 3

1. once inside the human body bacteria reproduce rapidly
2. they release harmful chemicals and toxins

Question 4

viruses cannot reproduce by themselves but what can they only reproduce inside?

Answer 4

a host cell

Question 5

what is the first symptom of measles?

Answer 5

a fever

Question 6

how are measles spread?

Answer 6

through droplets eg when a person coughs or sneezes

Question 7

what can measles damage?

Answer 7

breathing system and brain

Question 8

what is the treatment for measles?

Answer 8

a vaccine

Question 9

what is the first symptoms of HIV?

Answer 9

a flu-like illness

Question 10

what does the virus attack during HIV?

Answer 10

the patients immune system

Question 11

what happens when the immune system is severely damaged?

Answer 11

it can no longer fight off cancer cells and other infections

Question 12

what is the treatment for HIV?

Answer 12

antiretroviral

Question 13

what causes salmonella food poisoning ?

Answer 13

ingesting infected food

Question 14

what are the symptoms of salmonella?

Answer 14

fever
vomiting
diarrhoea
cramps

Question 15

what can bacteria be treated by?

Answer 15

antibiotics

Question 16

how is gonorrhoea spread ?

Answer 16

by sexual intercourse

Question 17

what can stop gonorrhoea from spreading?

Answer 17

condoms
an std test

Question 18

how can u stop malaria from spreading?

Answer 18

drain still water as they breed in these areas
spray areas with still water with insecticide which kill them
mosquito net

Question 19

what is the job of non-specific defence systems?

Answer 19

to prevent pathogens from entering the human body

Question 20

what is the largest organ in the body?

Answer 20

the skin

Question 21

what does the skin do?

Answer 21

its a protective layer around the body

Question 22

what does the outer layer of the skin insist off?

Answer 22

dead cells which make it difficult for the pathogens to enter and penetrate

Question 23

what is the oily substance called that the skin forms?

Answer 23

sebum

Question 24

what does the sebum do?

Answer 24

the sebum kills bacteria

Question 25

what do the nose hairs and mucus do?

Answer 25

trap pathogens from entering the breathing system

Question 26

what are the trachea and bronchi covered with?

Answer 26

cilia which are tiny hairs

Question 27

what are cilia covered in and what does this do?

Answer 27

mucus which trap pathogens

Question 28

where does the cilia waft the mucus upwards to and what happens after?

Answer 28

to the throat which is swallowed into the stomach

Question 29

what does the stomach contain which kill pathogens?

Answer 29

hydrochloric acid

Question 30

what are the 2 advantages of the immune system?

Answer 30

destroy pathogens and toxins
protect us from the same type of pathogens invading us in the future

Question 31

what does the immune system involve?

Answer 31

white blood cells

Question 32

what is the process of phagocytosis?

Answer 32

the white blood cells detects chemicals that are released by pathogens
the wbc ingests the pathogens
the wbc used enzymes to destroy pathogen

Question 33

what are antibodies?

Answer 33

protein molecules produced by white blood cells

Question 34

what are 2 characteristics of antibodies?

Answer 34

they are specific
remain in the blood for a long time which means it can protect us from the same pathogen that enters the body again

Question 35

what are 2 things white blood cells produce

Answer 35

antibodies
antitoxins

Question 36

what do antitoxins do?

Answer 36

stick to toxin molecules
prevent them from damaging cells

Question 37

what does TMV cause

Answer 37

plants discolour in mosaic pattern

Question 38

what does the discolouration in a plant mean?

Answer 38

rate of photosynthesis is reduced

Question 39

define antibiotics

Answer 39

kills infective bacteria without killing body tissue

Question 40

what was the first antibiotic?

Answer 40

penicillin

Question 41

why cant antibiotics kill virus?

Answer 41

because viruses reproduced rapidly and need an antiviral

Question 42

what is antibiotic resistance?

Answer 42

when bacteria can no longer be killed as they’ve evolved

Question 43

specific antibiotics are given on?

Answer 43

specific bacteria

Question 44

what is a treatment of bacteria to relieve symptoms?

Answer 44

painkillers to relieve pain but not kill pathogen

Question 45

what was foxglove used for?

Answer 45

heart drug digitalis

Question 46

what was aspirin made from?

Answer 46

willow tree

Question 47

what did Alexandra flemming discover?

Answer 47

penicillin drug from the mould penicillium

Question 48

what are the 3 things that are needed for a new drug

Answer 48

dose
effective
toxicity

Question 49

what is preclinical testing

Answer 49

testing done by cells tissues or live animals

Question 50

what are the stages of clinical testing

Answer 50

testing done by healthy humans
take low doses to check safety
doses increase until it reaches optimum and has the least side effects

Question 51

what is the double blind trail

Answer 51

the test group is given the drug
the placebo group is given dummy drug
both groups don’t know what drug they gave to stop ppl from being bias