T5M2- Meiosis

Question 1

what does asexual reproduction produce

Answer 1

exact copy of the parent cell

Question 2

what are the only cells not produced in mitosis

Answer 2

gametes

Question 3

where are gametes derived from

Answer 3

specialized germ cells from ovaries and testes

Question 4

how many haploid sperm cells are produced for one sex cell

Answer 4

4

Question 5

is meiosis diploid to haploid or haploid to diploid?

Answer 5

diploid to haploid

Question 6

what do females produce?

Answer 6

-one large egg cell with higher cytoplasmic volume
-3 non gametic polar bodies

Question 7

what happens during prophase 1?

Answer 7

-homologous recombination and the crossover at chiasmata (adds to variation)
-nuclear envelope breaks down

Question 8

what characterizes prophase 1?

Answer 8

condensation and synapsis
-centromere duplication
-spindle formation

Question 9

what pairs the homologous chromosomes?

Answer 9

synaptonemal complex

Question 10

what types of alleles do homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 have?

Answer 10

different

Question 11

where is the evidence of crossing over in prophase 1?

Answer 11

chiasma

Question 12

define crossover

Answer 12

a random process that can happen anywhere along chromosome and allow for production of recombinant chromatids

Question 13

describe metaphase 1

Answer 13

pairs of homologous chromosomes randomly arranged at metaphase plate

Question 14

what arranges chromosomes at metaphase plate and why

Answer 14

microtubules of spindle apparatus- to increase diversity

Question 15

what occurs during anaphase 1

Answer 15

Synaptonemal complex breaks down, allowing for separation of homologue to opposite side of cell

Question 16

do sister chromatids separate during anaphase 1?

Answer 16

no- only homologues

Question 17

what marks the end of meiosis 1

Answer 17

telophase 1

Question 18

what is there during beginning of telophase 1

Answer 18

each end of cell has haploid set of duplicated chromosomes

Question 19

what occurs in telophase 1

Answer 19

chromosomes uncoil, envelope reforms and cytokinesis follows

Question 20

what is meiosis 1 also called and why

Answer 20

reductional division- due to reduced number of chromosomes

Question 21

what immediately follows telophase 1?

Answer 21

prophase 2 and meiosis 2

Question 22

what is meiosis 2 referred to as? why?

Answer 22

equational division- parent cells have same number of gametes produced at the end of meiosis 2

Question 23

what causes equational division?

Answer 23

separation of sister chromatids

Question 24

what occurs in prophase 2

Answer 24

• nuclear envelope breaks down
• spindle apparatus reforms
• chromosomes condense

Question 25

what occurs during metaphase 2

Answer 25

chromosomes positioned at plate

Question 26

are sister chromatids genetically identical in meiosis 2?

Answer 26

no because crossover occurred in meiosis 1

Question 27

what happens to the proteins holding together chromatids during anaphase 2?

Answer 27

break down

Question 28

what happens to chromatids during anaphase 2

Answer 28

move to opposite sides of cell

Question 29

what happens during telophase 2

Answer 29

end of meiosis 2 - reforming of nuclear envelope and chromosomal decondensing - followed by cytokinesis

Question 30

what is produced at the end of meiosis 1 and 2

Answer 30

4 haploid daughter cells

Question 31

what causes abnormal variation chromosome number

Answer 31

homologous chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis 1 and 2

Question 32

define nondisjunction

Answer 32

too many or too few chromosomes

Question 33

what was the idea of heredity during the 1800s

Answer 33

blending hypothesis- genetic material was mixed to form the visible traits of offspring

Question 34

who is the father of genetics

Answer 34

gregor mendel- used pea plants to identify two laws of inheritence

Question 35

what type of pea plants did mendel start with and what did he differentiate

Answer 35

true breeding plants- differentiated dominant and recessive genes

Question 36

what did Mendel find in his first generation

Answer 36

all f1 offspring were yellow seed in colour- trait was not lost

Question 37

what ratio did mendel's breed occur in

Answer 37

3:1

Question 38

what happens for the inherited factor for a recessive gene?

Answer 38

masked by dominant gene

Question 39

what is mendel's first law

Answer 39

the law of segregation- two alleles of gene segregate into different gametes during gamete formation in both parents

Question 40

define monohybrid crossing

Answer 40

crossing between true breeding parents