T8

Question 1

What is a nucleophile?

Answer 1

An electron pair donor which will be attracted to parts of molecules with positive charges.

Question 2

What are electrophiles?

Answer 2

An electron pair acceptor which is attracted to areas of high electron density.

Question 3

What are addition polymers?

Answer 3

Polymers made from addition reactions of alkenes.

Question 4

To form the major product in electrophilic addition, where does the first element go?

Answer 4

To the area with the most hydrogens- second element goes to the one with the least hydrogens.

Question 5

What does ‘ethanolic’ and ‘aqueous’ mean in terms of mechanisms?

Answer 5

Ethanolic = elimination (double bond formed)
Aqueous = nucleophilic substitution

Question 6

Why are polymers unreactive?

Answer 6

Saturated chain and non polar

Question 7

What are plasticisers?

Answer 7

Molecules that fit between chains of polymers and push them further apart and reduces the intermolecular forces between them. Allows PVCs to be made which are softer and flexible i.e. rain coats, wellington boots and wire casings.

Question 8

3 ways of producing ethanol:

Answer 8

1) Electrophilic addition (reacting alkene with conc. H2SO4) followed by hydrolysis (using water to restore H2SO4 and produce ethanol). 2) Hydration of ethene (reagents: ethene and steam, need H3PO4 catalyst, 300 degrees and 60atm). 3) Fermentation (of glucose), conditions: yeast and 35 degrees.

Question 9

Advantages & disadvantages of fermentation:

Answer 9

It uses lower temperature and pressure, uses renewable resources, lower plant costs. But is a slower reaction, low atom economy and land used to grow crops.

Question 9

Advantages & disadvantages of hydration of ethene:

Answer 9

It is fast, pure product, low labour costs. But finite resources are used, expensive equipment for continuous process.