TA ppt's Exam 1

Question 1

Bacteria vs. Fungi, which one has sterols in their cytoplasmic membrane?

Answer 1

fungi

Question 2

Bacteria vs. fungi, which one has a cell wall comprised of chitin, glucans, & mannans?

Answer 2

fungi

Question 3

____ is the most abundant molecule found in bacteria.

Answer 3

protein

Question 4

bacteria vs. fungi. all of this is found on the structure of _____: flagella, pili, cell walls, cytoplasmic membranes, ribosomes, cytoplasm, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and phospholipids.

Answer 4

bacteria

Question 5

Flagella is composed of _____ protein.

Answer 5

flagellin

Question 6

Name the three basic components of flagella.

Answer 6

basal body, hook, and filament

Question 7

What is leifson’s method?

Answer 7

a staining technique to increase effective diameter so you can see the flagella.

Question 8

what is monotrichous?

Answer 8

bacteria w/ 1 flagella and one end

Question 9

lophotrichous?

Answer 9

multiple flagella at one end of bacteria

Question 10

amphitrichous?

Answer 10

one flagella at each end of the bacteria

Question 11

peritrichous?

Answer 11

multiple flagella all around bacteria

Question 12

fimbriae/pili are common on what kind of bacteria?

Answer 12

gram (-)

Question 13

____ is shorter and stiffer then flagellum, helps to adhere bacteria to surfaces.

Answer 13

F or sex pilus

Question 14

____ _____ is the discrete detectable layer, outside cell wall.

Answer 14

true capsule

Question 15

Slim or mucoid appearance of colonies indicate ___ production.

Answer 15

capsule

Question 16

B. anthracis capsule is composed of ________.

Answer 16

poly-D-glutamate.

Question 17

what is the purpose of the cell wall?

Answer 17

1) protect the underlying protoplast

2) provides ligands for adherence & receptor sites for drugs or viruses

Question 18

What is the main component of the cell wall that differentiates it from Archaea?

Answer 18

murein (unique peptidoglycan)

Question 19

What are some main difference between gram (+) & gram (-)?

Answer 19

Gram (-): has interpeptide bonds, thin peptidoglycan, thin cell wall surrounded by outer membrane thats composed of LPS (endotoxin)
Gram (+): has interpeptide bridges, thick cell wall, contains teichoic acids

Question 20

What is the toxic portion of LPS (endotoxin) called?

Answer 20

lipid A

Question 21

What is polysaccharide O? is it found on gram (+) or gram (-)?

Answer 21

it is the antigenic property that may provide adherence or resistance to phagocytosis. found on gram (-)

Question 22

what bacteria has the shortest generation time?

Answer 22

E.coli (17 mins)

Question 23

______ is the fastest technique for colony counting. dyes are used instead of gel. you get a +/- results along with how many.

Answer 23

Real time PCR

Question 24

Define chemoheterotrophs

Answer 24

uses organic chemicals as energy

Question 25

What are bacteria's major source of nitrogen in culture media?

Answer 25

peptones

Question 26

What are phosphates used for in bacteria?

Answer 26

essential for production of nucleic acids

Question 27

What are sulphates used for?

Answer 27

required for synthesizng sulfur-containing amino acids

Question 28

What are mesophiles?

Answer 28

grow at body temp (37 degrees C)

Question 29

what are thermophiles?

Answer 29

like high temps (45-70 degrees C)

Question 30

what are psychrophiles?

Answer 30

cold loving (10-15C) and are the main source of food spoilage in fridges

Question 31

in hypertonic solutions, bacterial cells shrink except ____.

Answer 31

S. aureus

Question 32

what is the universal currency for energy exchange?

Answer 32

ATP

Question 33

What are the two ways cells can produce ATP? which one yields the most ATP?

Answer 33

substrate level phosphorylation (SLP) & electron transport phosphorylation (ETP) which yields most ATP (38)

Question 34

In glycolysis you have a net gain of ___ ATP & ___ NADH per glucose.

Answer 34

2;2

Question 35

Fermentation is a type of substrate phosphorylation with a net gain of ___ ATP.

Answer 35

2

Question 36

Respiration is a type of electron transport phosphorylation which yields a net gain of __ATP

Answer 36

38

Question 37

___ is transcribed from DNA, single stranded-- transcription is reversible, codon.

Answer 37

mRNA

Question 38

___ transfers genetic info (translation), transfers amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis, anticodon.

Answer 38

tRNA

Question 39

___ is a part of ribosomes from translation; comprises 70s ribosome

Answer 39

rRNA

Question 40

what is silent mutation?

Answer 40

mutation occurs but same protein is made.

Question 41

what is nonsense mutation?

Answer 41

change in 3rd base, changes codon to stop codon, not a full protein

Question 42

what is missense mutation?

Answer 42

change in 1st base leading to different codon and faulty protein

Question 43

what is transformation for bacteria?

Answer 43

genes transferred from one to another (cloning)-- "naked" DNA

Question 44

what are the 3 ways bacteria can transfer genes?

Answer 44

transformation, conjugation, transduction

Question 45

what is conjugation?

Answer 45

plasmids transferred via a pilus

Question 46

what is transduction?

Answer 46

DNA transferred via a virus

Question 47

___= amplification of DNA in vitro.

Answer 47

PCR

Question 48

What are the three steps of PCR?

Answer 48

1) denaturation (94C releases single stranded DNA for next round of synthesis) 2) annealing (55C attaches primers to template) 3) extension (72C DNA synthesis occurs)

Question 49

what is the equation for sensitivity?

Answer 49

[TP/(TP+FN)] x 100%

Question 50

what is the equation for specificity?

Answer 50

[TN/(TN+FP)] x 100%

Question 51

What is real time PCR?

Answer 51

it is like PCR but with 1 additional step. instead of using DNA as template use RNA & do reverse transcriptase.

Question 52

how do bacteria avoid phagocytes?

Answer 52

1) remain in internal tissues 2) avoid provoking an inflammatory response 3) inhibit phagocyte chemotaxis 4) hide antigenic surface of bacteria w/ "self" peptide