TA review questions

Question 1

What cell produces the ground substance of cartilage?

Answer 1

chondroblast

Question 2

Bone formation begins in? And ends in?

Answer 2

utero ends after puberty

Question 3

A muscle fiber is larger than a muscle cell. True or false?

Answer 3

False, they’re the same thing (myofiber)

Question 4

What are lacunae?

Answer 4

Small spaces in which a chondrocyte or osteocyte resides

Question 5

When does bone remodeling begin and end?

Answer 5

begins in utero and continues throughout the organisms life

Question 6

Many muscle cells make up the length of the muscle: T or F?

Answer 6

False muscle cells are the same length as the muscles they are apart of

Question 7

The differences between cartilage types are determined by the molecular composition of the ground substance. T or F?

Answer 7

False fibers determine it

Question 8

Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into?

Answer 8

Osteoblasts and they arise from the mesenchyme, found on all surfaces of bones

Question 9

Explain what syncytium means

Answer 9

single cell with multiple nuclei. Skeletal cells are multinucleated

Question 10

What is the perichondrium?

Answer 10

layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage, contains fibroblasts; the inner layer can make chondroblasts

Question 11

Osteoblasts are PAS positive or negative?

Answer 11

Positive because GAGs become part of the matrix

Question 12

T or F, the muscle has unique organelles that have specific functions and form compared to other cells in the body

Answer 12

True, they have a sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcolemma and are unique to muscle and have specialized function for muscle tissue

Question 13

Appositional growth vs interstitial growth

Answer 13

Appositional growth: adding layers to cartilage matrix to the existing outer surface. Interstitial growth: process of new matrix being formed from the core of cartilage by chondroblasts (can apply to bone)

Question 14

2 types of bone based on embryological origin

Answer 14

intramembranous and endochondral bone

Question 15

What is the external lamina of skeletal muscle similar to?

Answer 15

the basement membrane have almost the same composition

Question 16

Where can hyaline cartilage be found?

Answer 16

Nose, trachea, joints of long bones, cartilaginous precursor of long bone in embryonic development (endochondral ossification)

Question 17

What are intramembranous bones?

Answer 17

form via ossifications of the embryological membrane, flat bones

Question 18

What is endomysium?

Answer 18

connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle cells make up of collagen type I and III fibers

Question 19

Composition of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 19

Collagen type II 40%, and 60% GAGs

Question 20

What are endochondral bones?:

Answer 20

long bones: arise from hyaline cartilaginous precursor

Question 20

True or false: periosteum forms inside the epiphysis of endochondral bones at 10 weeks post conception?

Answer 20

False forms in the diaphysis at 10 weeks

Question 20

Is the sarcoplasmic reticulum continuous or fragmented?

Answer 20

Fragmented: sarcoplasmic reticulum units are stacked, hollow membranous organelles

Question 21

True or false: all cartilage has a perichondrium

Answer 21

False fibrocartilage doesn’t have one no boundary

Question 22

What are t-tubules?

Answer 22

holes in the cell membrane of muscle cells that form a branching network perpendicular to the cell surface. The distance between one and the next is uniform. small distance followed by large

Question 23

What is the composition of fibrocartilage?

Answer 23

collagen type I produced by fibroblasts and collagen type II and sulfated GAG’s produced by chondroblasts

Question 24

What is the bony collar?

Answer 24

layer of bone that forms around the diaphysis of endochondral bones after osteoblasts secrete osteoid on top of the cartilaginous precursor

Question 25

What is a triad?

Answer 25

terminal cisternae, t-tubule, terminal cisternae

Question 26

Where can fibrocartilage be found?

Answer 26

Junction of tendon and long bone, vertebral disks between vertebrae

Question 27

What does the nervous system work in conjunction with? What are these systems called together?

Answer 27

endocrine system ES + NS = communication network

Question 28

What is the composition of elastic cartilage, and where is it found?

Answer 28

elastic fibers and collagen type II, it is found in the external ear and epiglottis (stretchy and flexible)

Question 29

What are the location and function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Answer 29

sympathetic-mid spinal cord, function: stress parasympathetic: upper and lower spinal cords (brainstem) function: rest and digest (normal body functions)

Question 30

Inorganic component of bone

Answer 30

hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphate)

Question 31

What types of tissue are innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 31

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary functions)

Question 32

Compact vs spongy bone

Answer 32

compact is the outer layer and is dense spongy bone: on the inside, open porous network

Question 33

Nerve fiber refers to the whole nerve cell. T or F?

Answer 33

False nerve fiber refers to the axon of the nerve cell. The nerve cell is the neuron.

Question 34

What is the classification of sensory neurons based on the number of cell processes?

Answer 34

Pseudo-unipolar 1 axon with 2 branches and 0 dendrites

Question 35

What is the blood forming tissue in bone?

Answer 35

Red marrow

Question 36

What are the 3 classifications of neurons? Which is the most abundant?

Answer 36

motor neurons (receive messages from central nervous system), sensory (receive stimuli and carries them to the CNS), and interneurons (most abundant)

Question 37

Where are Sharpey's fibers found?

Answer 37

The periosteum. Strands of collagen type I penetrate into the bone and are continuous with tendon fibers

Question 38

The autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system both use acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters. T or F?

Answer 38

False: somatic uses only acetylcholine. autonomic : parasympathetic uses acetylcholine sympathetic uses both acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Question 39

Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of hydroxyapatite?

Answer 39

alkaline phosphatase secreted by the osteoblast in a membrane bound vesicle

Question 40

A bipolar neuron is the most abundant neuron type T or F?

Answer 40

False, they are rare. They are found where we have special senses (ears, eyes, nose)

Question 41

What is an osteocyte?

Answer 41

Mature bone cell that is trapped in a matrix lacuna. Can become active in small bone repairs

Question 42

Describe a multipolar neuron and where they are found

Answer 42

1 axon and greater than or equal to 2 dendrites and they are found in motor neurons and interneurons

Question 43

What is an osteoclast?

Answer 43

Macrophagic cells that breakdown bone and are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system

Question 44

What is the blood brain barrier?

Answer 44

Functional barrier that allows tighter control than that in most tissues over the passage of substances moving from blood into CNS tissue. Tight junctions

Question 45

Function of choroid plexus?

Answer 45

filters blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid

Question 46

Where do we see more branching occur, dendrites or axons?

Answer 46

Dendrites have more branching, however we can see terminal arborization in axons. Major axon branches are called collaterals

Question 47

What is the circulatory system of bone called?

Answer 47

Osteon