Tactics Manual Flashcards
(245 cards)
1
Q
Command must consider the most critical direction and avenues of fire extension, plus the estimated speed of fire progression, particularly as they affect: (LCSRE)
A
- Level of risk to firefighters
- Confinement/control efforts
- Spaces (concealed)
- Rescue profile
- Exposures
2
Q
The variables relating to OFFENSIVE attack operations involve? (LSS)
A
- Location/position of attack
- Size of attack
- required Support for the attack until
fire control is achieved
3
Q
This benchmark indicates water is being applied to the main body of the fire and has not been controlled
A
Water on the Fire
4
Q
It’s benchmark indicates the main body of fire has been extinguished in a units assigned geographic work area, but the seven sides of the fire have not been checked for any fire extension
A
Fire Knocked Down
5
Q
This benchmark will be transmitted when the main body of fire has been extinguished, and all seven sides of the fire have been confirmed as having no fire extension and an assigned units operational area
A
Fire Control
6
Q
An engine that makes a direct connection from a hydrant via the intake valve (Keystone) and then pumps water to the forward engine through the large diameter discharge
A
Key Pumper
7
Q
An engine, which is located on the supply line between the key pumper and the forward engine. The apparatus will receive water into their 5 inch intake and then pump it from their large diameter discharge.
A
Relay Engine
8
Q
An evolution with an engine pumping to another engine, or aerial apparatus from a pressurized discharge
A
Tandem Pumping
9
Q
A supporting engine connects a 3-inch line to the forward engines auxiliary 2 1/2 inch inlet and the other end to a 2 1/2 inch discharge. The engineer then pumps his/her water to the forward engine
A
Tank Transfer Evolution
1,000-1,500 gallons
10
Q
How many GPM is a “significant working fire”?
A
400 GPM or more
11
Q
Categories in which 89% of mayday incidents are resolved by
A
- Self rescue
- Own crew members
- Another company in same hazard zone
- Combination of all three above
(11% by RIT)
12
Q
Definition of high-rise
A
Six or more floors and/or
75 feet above grade
13
Q
Four basic signs of smoke quality
A
V V D C
- Volume (tells very little)
- Velocity (#1 sign of flashover)
- Laminar pushed by volume, not
heat
- Laminar pushed by volume, not
- Density (smoke is fuel)
- Color (stage of heating & helps find location)
14
Q
Interior walls of gypsum board or drywall on water metal studs that extend from floor-to-floor or floor-to-roof, INCLUDING CONCEALED AND INTERSTITIAL SPACES . They are designed to subdivide portions of the building. They are not structurally self-sufficient.
A
- Fire barriers
Subdivide, including concealed
15
Q
Interior walls of gypsum board or drywall on wood or metal studs designed to further compartmentalize areas of a structure. They are NOT required to extend concealed spaces.
A
Fire partitions
Compartmentalize
Not required
16
Q
Roofs with a change in slope: the slope is called the ______.
A
Pitch
17
Q
Low, medium to high, and extreme slopes
A
- Low 1/12 to 5/12, or up to 25 degrees
- Medium to high slopes, 6/12 to 14/12, or from 25 to 50 degrees
- Extreme slopes exceeded 15/12 or 55 degrees
18
Q
What types of roofs require a roof ladder to safely work on?
A
- Medium to high slope roofs with a
pitch greater than 12/12 or 45
degrees - Metal or tile roofs
19
Q
A rectangular unit of solar cells encased in a frame usually 5 1/2 ft x 3 1/2 ft which possess electrical capacity that can injure personnel
A
Modules
20
Q
A series of modules connected in a row that captured solar energy in the form of direct current (DC) electricity
A
Solar panels
21
Q
Three conditions inside of stairwell the incident commander must be alerted to
A
- Locked stairwell doors that allow civilians to exit into the stairwell will not allow floor re-entry
- Civilians are exiting the stairwell firefighters are ascending.
- If there is smoke inside a stairwell.
22
Q
Four types of smoke detectors
A
- Thermal sensors (fire)
- Ionization sensors (low smoke)
- Photoelectric centers (identify smoke)
- Rate of rise sensors
23
Q
This collapse occurs when one or more walls have failed, and the other end of the floor is still attached to only one bearing wall. Voids will be sporadic throughout the debris.
A
Cantilever collapse
24
Q
In the hot zone, the IC uses the rescue order. The rescue order is:
(ELRE)
A
- the most Endangered
- the Largest group.
- Remainder of the fire area
- Exposures
ELRE
25
The _____ will drive the IC’s search priorities
Occupancy type
26
Rescue Order versus Search Priority
ELRE
1) most Endangered
2) Largest group
3) Remainder of fire area/structure
4) Exposures
Vs
FATR (fatter building - high rise)
- Fire floor
- floor Above the fire
- Top floor
- Remaining floors starting with the
second to the top working down
27
The order of search priority is:
- Fire floor
- floor Above the fire
- Top floor
- Remaining floors starting with the second to the top working down
FATR
28
Wind speeds for Natural versus Mechanical ventilation
- Over 6 to 8 mph, natural ventilation
- Below 6 to 8 mph, mechanical ventilation (PPV)
29
Four stages of fire development
- Incipient
- Growth
(Flashover)
- Fully developed
- Decay
(Appears vent limited ->air
introduced -> fully developed)
30
Heat Release Rate (HRR) is a key measure of ____ whereas heat flux is ____
- How QUICKLY objects generate heat to surrounding objects (kW or MW)
- AMOUNT of heat transferred per unit area (kW)
31
The first and second step firefighters can take to reduce the threat of being injured or killed in a flow path?
1) understanding the concept of
controlling flow path
2) proper size up
32
When Reading Smoke, what are the three steps to smoke assessment?
1) Compare VVDC
2) consider Building and Weather
influences
3) gauge the Rate of Change
33
Concerning carcinogens, the areas of highest absorption include: (4)
- Forehead
- Neck
- Back
- Groin
34
Airborne carcinogens will remain at high levels, even _____ minutes after fire extinguishment
45 minutes
35
Characteristics of CO
- .96 vapor density
- Monitored 3 to 5 feet off the ground
- Hemoglobin affinity 200 times
greater than oxygen
36
Hydrogen cyanide is ___ times more toxic than CO
35 times
(Breathed a lot of HCN at FS 35)
37
Extra consideration should be given before committing ____ into an extremely dangerous structure
More than 100 feet
38
A wind driven fire is a severe fire. Sustained winds of _____, and/or gusts of ____ should be used as key indicators for a Wind Driven Fire, ALTHOUGH it is possible with lower speeds.
- 20 mph or more
- 30 mph or more
39
There are ___ types of firewalls and they are ____.
- 3
- Fire Walls
- Fire Barriers
- Fire Partitions
40
Fire ____ are non-combustible masonry walls that extend continuously from the base of a building and terminate above the roof. Designed as freestanding walls that will stand the collapse of structure on either side.
Walls
41
This wall is a freestanding, non-load bearing wall that extends above the roofline for ____ feet.
These walls are Dangerously Unstable.
Parapet
- Several
42
This LOAD BEARING wall is common to TWO adjoining buildings or rooms and forms the boundary between them. They are very thick walls and support floors and roofs of both structures. The failure of this wall will usually lead to a building collapse.
Party Walls
(Party of two)
43
Four basic types of trusses
(Tactics Manual)
- Lightweight wood truss (fail as little
as 5 minutes)
- Parallel chord truss (fail ALMOST NO
warning)
- Bowstring truss (collapse downward
and outward, hazardous inside and
outside)
- Open Web Steel bar joist trusses (fail
in as little as 10 minutes)
44
A ____ is a row of shops open to the public that share a common roof system, that can be ______ stories
- Strip Center
- 1-3 stories
45
Tactical concerns for attic spaces (4)
- For a working fire, it is vital to quickly
access the attic and check for fire
extension
- Assume the attic is involved until
proven otherwise
- Hole to the attic, 4’ x 4’ minimum
- Vertical voids and pipe chases are
the Principal Routes for fire
extension into the attic
46
Key pumper distances: (2)
unless hydrant is within 300 ft of scene - use key pumper (at fire)
Hydrant is greater than 200 ft from engine - key pumper (FDC)
47
The standpipe has pressurized air in MOST of the piping that runs from a valve to the hose outlets, but it’s water in the lesser piping between the water supply and the valve. To activate the system, firefighters connect hoses which sends a signal to an alarm panel.
- semi-automatic dry standpipe
48
Phase I elevator recall occurs when a smoke alarm is activated at _____ or ____.
- Any elevator lobby
- In the elevator machinery room
49
Three general basement and sublevel types
- No exterior access
- Limited exterior access (windows)
- Exterior access (1 or more doors)
50
Three most common types of wall collapse.
- Inward/Outward
- Curtain fall collapse
- 90° angle
51
Five main types of floor collapse
- Lean-to collapse
- V-shaped collapse
- Pancake collapse
- Cantilever collapse (sporadic voids)
- A-frame collapse
52
Concerning electrical systems, the wood utility pole is usually ____ feet, tall and buried _____ feet deep, carrying ____ volts
- 40 ft
- 6 ft
- 7,200 V
53
Circuits a smaller electrical network with a larger system. Circuits are rated by _____. These are protected by circuit breakers that will open or trip to prevent too much electrical flow into the system. A tripped circuit breaker can indicate ____, ____ or ____ and are excellent clues.
- Amps or amperes
- fire
- electrical overload
- mechanical malfunction of the circuit
itself
54
Voltage is the measure of _____in a system, whereas current (amps) is the measure of ____
- electrical pressure
- electrical volume or flow
55
Place engines as close to what’s burning at safely possible is what rule?
30 ft rule
56
Engines should be prepared to quickly deploy a horizontal standpipe in situations were ____ of hose will not reach the fire
200 ft
57
The IC will transmit an “Under Control” report to Dispatch when which tactical priorities are complete
- “Fire control” (extinguishment and 7
sides clear with no extension)
- Primary and secondary all clears
- No other resources required to
complete remaining tactical priorities
58
Three conditions that may warrant a quick hit
- Fire companies have not yet made entry
- Significant fire or smoke venting from an opening and/or significant heat will endanger SAFD
- Delay in attacking fire, such as forcible entry or fire on upper floors
59
A Manual Lay is where a firefighter pulls a 5-inch landline from the forward engine to a nearby hydrant WITHIN _____ and makes a direct connect
200 feet
60
This pumping is when a supplied engine can share its water with another apparatus. This is done by connecting Intake to Intake.
Dual pumping (dual intakes)
61
Level One for responding engines is _____ from the fire scene at a hydrant
One block
62
A significant working fire (a fire that will require ____ GPM or more) will almost always require a key pumper unless a hydrant is within ____ feet of the scene.
- 400 gpm
- 300 ft
63
Command is ultimately responsible for managing attack positions in either offensive or defensive locations. The key to effective attack positioning is _____.
Water
64
When assigning an engine company to deploy an operating hand line in the hot zone, and is very important for the IC to specify ______ and _____.
- What to do with the units apparatus
- Where their water supply comes from
65
The electronic pressure governor will automatically return the engine to idle if there is an inlet pressure drop of ____within a _____ period
- 30 psi or MORE
- 3 second
66
The solution to a successful water shuttle operation is ____ and ____.
- INITIAL portable water tank set up location
- Minimizing the IDLE time of water shuttling apparatus
67
The proper INITIAL set up of water supply operations is essential for two reasons:
1) water supply requirements are most critical during the FIRST FEW MINUTES of the attack
2) It is difficult or impossible to build on or maneuver around a POOR SET UP
68
Three main components to a water shuttle operation
1) dump site (scene)
2) travel TIME
3) fill site
69
_____ can be the biggest factor in producing adequate fire flows concerning shuttle operations
Travel time
70
Fill sites should be selected in the following order:
1) hydrants closest to the scene
2) WELL PUMPING stations closest to the scene
3) DRAFTING location
71
The most urgent reason for requesting a greater alarm is for the purpose of
Covering life safety
72
(Rescue) When encountering larger, high density, compartmentalized, multi-unit/room, residential structures, it is more effective to implement a:
“Protect in place” life safety operation
73
______ rather than _____ is the critical element during a secondary search
- Thoroughness
- Time
(Should be completed by different companies other than those that completed primary)
74
Until the “Fire Knocked Down” benchmark has been achieved and transmitted, the entire response team’s objective is to _____while commands primary objective is to ___
- (Response team)
Not to supply the fire with any additional air (oxygen)
- (Command)
coordinate an overwhelming force of the proper water application
75
For hydraulic ventilation, fog and smoothbore nozzles can be manipulated to produce water streams that create ____ to ____ CFM
10,000 to 18,000 CFM
76
The most likely assignments for On Deck companies are (4)
1) reinforce a position within an assigned D/G
2) crew relief within an assigned D/G
3) any other tactical position assigned by the IC
4) deploy as a RIT
77
(Occupant Services)
As occupants arrive, identify: (5)
- Name
- Telephone number
- Number of occupants
- Any emergency shelter needs
- salvage priorities, including
important medication
78
Demobilization of the Occupant Services will occur when occupants have ____ and ____.
- Shelter or other arrangements secured
- Transportation has been arranged
79
The key to successful SALVAGE is to distinguish between ____ and ____
- Excessive damage
- Damage that is required to reduce
potential fire damage
80
Concerning recycling, if conditions permit, a companies work cycle could be ____ air cylinders
Up to 2 to 3 air cylinders
81
______ and ______ are responsible for monitoring the welfare of their personnel at all times and determining if D/G recycling or rehab is appropriate
- DGS
- Company Officers
82
If the OHD is down, cut an opening in the door. Consider vertical cuts, approximately _____ from the tracks and _____ across the top.
- 6 inches
- Horizontally
83
The 4 high-rise locations
- Base (Level 2)
- On deck (Lobby)
- Staging (2 below fire)
- Rehab (2 below fire)
84
Concerning a high-rise fire and quick hit, an aerial stream should be able to hit fire ___
- Up to the 12th - 15th floors
85
The 4 pre-assignments for a high-rise incident:
- Attack (1E & 1L)
- Lobby control (2nd Eng)
- Water supply manager (1st 2 engine engineers)
- Ventilation group (2nd Truck)
LAW-V pre-assignments
86
There are two conditions which will DICTATE the use of elevators in Phase II operations in a high-rise incident:
1) Working Fire – do not use an elevator bank that serves the fire floor UNLESS authorized by IC
2) Nothing Showing – personal may use elevators to ascend to 2 floors below the suspected fire floor and then walk up
87
This stage of the fire is the stage immediately after ignition, and includes factors such as:
- Fire has not affected anything
beyond its immediate vicinity
- Smoke is not reduced visibility
- Civilians can breathe and can escape
- Heat is low
- Smoke alarms may sound
Incipient stage
88
Factors that affect whether a fire can be extinguished in the Incipient stage (3)
- Proximity of other flammable FUEL
- Fires access to OXYGEN
- Whether civilians can extinguish the
fire
89
This stage of fire occurs when the fire has established itself and is self-sufficient. The fire has achieved “established burning” when it is generating enough heat to cause a positive heat feedback loop with the fires, using its own heat to initiate combustion among the surrounding fuel sources, and spreading from the origin to other fuels in its path.
Shortest stage
Growth stage
90
This stage of fire is when it reaches its hottest point as an engulfing all of the available fuel sources. This is the most dangerous stage due to intense heat.
Fully developed stage
91
The stage of fire is when the fire runs out of either oxygen or fuel, and is the longest stage of a fire.
Decay stage
92
Connecting a supply line from hydrant to the forward engine without using a key pumper
Direct connect
93
An engine that is located in one of the primary, forward attack positions on the fire ground where equipment, hose, and water are deployed from the engine directly into or around hazard zones
Forward engine
94
This situation can be extremely dangerous for Firefighters. Upon arrival the fire might appear to be in the early growth stage. In truth, and may have already achieved the Fully Developed stage, reached its peak HRR, starved from lack of oxygen, and then transition to Decay stage.
Ventilation limited fire
95
Reading smoke begins with the first arriving apparatus, comparing smoke issuing from ____ is key.
Various openings of similar size
96
When reading smoke, velocity is the second step. When you look for the fastest smoke, coming from the most restrictive opening, this will tell you what?
Most likely where the fire is located
97
This color of smoke can mean early pyrolysis of plastic or hot fire far away
Dirty white smoke
98
This color of smoke indicates unfinished wood is pyrolyzing just prior to ignition. This type of smoke is a collapse warning sign in lightweight wood construction.
Tan/brown smoke
99
This color smoke comes from materials heated to the fullest extent, regardless of the type of materials ignited
Black smoke
100
This color smoke means mostly carbon-infused smoke from serious heating
Flat black
101
This color smoke is mostly hydrocarbon-infused smoke from the serious heating or burning of plastic and other petroleum products
Glossy or rich/deep black smoke
102
When comparing volume, velocity, density and color with reading smoke, same color, density, and velocity from multiple openings can mean?
Deep seated fire in walls, floors, or basement
103
Large building with multiple smoke exit points can indicate
A large fire
104
Light smoke reports from a medium, large, or mega structure could indicate
A serious fire
105
This is the near simultaneous ignition of directly exposed combustible material in an enclosed area.
Flashover
106
Flashover normally occurs between what temperatures for ordinary combustibles?
900°F to 1100°F
107
These are signs of what event?
- High heat conditions and flaming
combustion overhead
- Dense black smoke
- Smoke that pushes out of doorways
or windows
- Presence of “fingers of flame” at the
ceiling level
- Lack of water droplets falling back
to the floor from an attack line
Flashover
108
This is a temperature driven event, and the sudden transition from the growth stage to the fully developed stage may occur in as little as 10 seconds
Flashover
109
This can occur when a fire is consumed all available oxygen in a room and more oxygen is rapidly introduced. This is an air driven event.
Backdraft (smoke explosion)
110
This event is deadly because of the tremendous explosive force and potential to send shrapnel in all directions
Backdraft
111
The following are signs of what event:
- Lack of visible flames
- Pulsing smoke plumes from
openings
- Auto ignition of hot gases at
openings where they mix with
oxygen in the surrounding air
- Yellow or brown smoke
- Windows appear to be stained (black
or brown)
Backdraft
112
What 4 assignments are listed on TAC 11, Fire Operations, for a high-rise fire?
- Attack
- Extension
- RIT
- Water supply
113
Structures that present increased risk to fire personnel are Extremely Dangerous Structures, and can be any of the following: (7)
- An enclosed structure with limited
entry/egress
- A large area structure with significant
square footage
- Structure with a below grade fire
- Structures with burglar bars, or
security features limiting access
- An abandoned building with
structural damage
- A hoarder home
- Any other structure features that
increase the potential for
disorientation, and make rapid
retreat from interior positions more
difficult than what would be
expected from a standard residential
structure
114
This is the condition where high winds have not yet affected the fire conditions inside of the structure, but can easily become a wind driven fire when an opening is made and an uncontrolled flow path occurs
Potential wind driven fire
115
Walls can be characterized several different ways. One of the most important characteristics is whether a wall is _____.
Load bearing
116
This is part of the building’s passive protection system used to prevent the spread of fire built between or through buildings
Fire walls (not load bearing)
117
What are five tactical concerns concerning parapet walls?
- Dangerously unstable
- Important to avoid striking a parapet
wall with a master stream
- Do not rest an aerial ladder on top
- Consider using a roof ladder to form
an A-frame to allow access on and
off the roof
- On a commercial building, the
collapse zone can span the entire
length of the building
118
Tilt walls are typically ____ feet tall, maybe as high as ____ feet
- 15-20 ft
- 40 ft
119
There are three basic architectural styles of roofs
- Flat
- Pitched (gable, hip, gambrel,
mansard, butterfly, monitor,
sawtooth, shed)
- Curved (arched or bowstring truss
120
Before operating on a roof, it is essential for the BC/FSC to get a report from personnel on the inside of the structure to determine what two questions 
- Where the fire is located?
- Whether or not the roof system is
involved?
121
There are several key factors that determine whether it is safe for Firefighters to operate on a pitched roof and they are: (3)
- slope
- roofing material
- weather conditions
122
Industrial buildings used for storage and/or manufacturing. Some of the characteristics include high fuel loads, the presence of HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, industrial machinery, and a large footprint.
Warehouse
123
These are business occupancies that include strip centers, warehouses, high-rise buildings, midrise buildings, big box stores, and STAND-ALONE STORES
Commercial structures
124
These stores are characterized by having tall ceilings, high fuel loads, large footprints, and installed SPRINKLER systems. They may be difficult to ventilate.
Big box stores
125
In all commercial structures, one of the most critical INITIAL decisions for fire personnel is to:
Select the best point of entry that minimizes the distance to the fire
126
In all commercial structures, one of the most critical TACTICAL decisions for fire personnel is to:
Put the fire out
127
Occupants of commercial high-rises ____ practice routine evacuations where as occupants of residential high-rises ____ practice routine evacuations
- May
- Rarely
128
Firefighting in Commercial Structures offers many DANGEROUS challenges such as
- Entrapment
- Entanglement and maneuverability
- Heavy life load
- High fuel loads
- Difficult access to people and fire
- Difficult search
129
Some of the various firefighter dangers in Warehouse Fires include:
- Long hose lays
- Risk of disorientation
- Ventilation challenges
- High fuel load
- Hazardous materials
- Industrial machinery
- Large footprint
130
Concerning HVAC systems, these are used to cool air and often located on the lower levels
Chillers/air conditioners
131
Concerning HVAC systems, these are often located at the roof level
Cooling towers
132
Concerning HVAC systems, these are usually centrifugal “squirrel cage” units that are located inside the air handling unit and are driven by fan belts powered by electrical motors
Blowers
133
Concerning HVAC systems, these are 3 devices that are used to distribute air into building spaces
- Grilles
- Registers
- Diffusers
134
By removing these pieces, you will expose the fan, motor, and belts. These are often indicated by the picture of a hand being pinched in a gear and the bolts are a standard size 5/16”
Service panels
135
When identifying the stairwell, avoid using ____ directions
Cardinal
136
In this situation, warm air will rise within a structure, begin to cool, lose its thermal energy necessary to continue rising, and will stall at the neutral plane. The air can then descend and push back down towards the fire floor.
Reverse Stack Effect
137
Four actions to take to pressurize stairwells
1. Protect the lobby by venting it
2. Inspect the stairwell. If there is smoke inside, use PPV’s to introduce air at the base. If one PPV is sufficient at additional is needed.
3. Boost the pressure by placing a PPV on an upper floor and have it blow into the stairwell. Set it back 4 to 6 feet.
4. Firefighters inside the stairwell should try to keep the doors closed to maintain pressure.
138
FDC
When the nearest hydrant is greater than ____ feet from the engine, use a key pumper. Pressures above ____ PSI are easier reached if a key pumper is used on the hydrant.
- 200 ft
- 200 psi
139
Water pumps and fire pumps feed standpipe risers to maintain water in the system. They are designed supply the furthest standby connection on the top floor at ____ in older buildings and ____ buildings built after 1993.
- 65 psi
- 100 psi
140
4 basic types of standpipe systems
- Wet system (most common-
commercial)
- Automatic dry standpipe
- Semi-automatic dry standpipe
- Manual dry standpipe (no pump)
141
When hooking up to a standpipe, use the connection ___ below the fire floor
One level
142
When discussing standpipes, the most important reading is when?
The hose is flowing
143
Sprinkler systems protect buildings within an effective fire expression capability. When activated, these system are designed to only flow ____ of the total number of sprinkler heads. Most systems are ____ systems.
- Approximately 10%
- Wet-pipe
144
Apartment complexes have smaller FDC’s that can be supplied by ____ size couplings
1 1/2”
145
Water supply and a sprinkler system is designed to deliver water to the highest sprinkler in the building and still have at least ____ residual pressure
15 psi
146
Do not pump into a sprinkler system until _____ . Connect the hoses and leave them dry.
Ordered by the Incident Commander
147
Before SAFD leaves the premises, make sure that the sprinkler system is _____ and _____ . This is a safety protection system.
- going to be repaired
- responsible party is addressing the
problem
148
The alarm panel should have keys, including: (3)
- Elevator keys
- Master keys
- Pull station reset keys
149
These systems will indicate the exact device within a zone
Addressable
150
This alarm condition may indicate a sprinkler valve is shut, low air pressure in a dry system, lock box has been opened
Supervisory alarm
151
This alarm condition could indicate a low battery, battery disconnected, power outage, dirty smoke detector, or electrical fault
Trouble Alarm
152
This alarm condition is an active smoke detector or water flow sensor, which are both emergency conditions
Alarm
153
During a fire response, if it is necessary to temporarily silence the alarm, press ____ and then ____ at the alarm panel.
- Acknowledge
- Silence
(Alphabetical)
154
With an elevator system, this is a space enclosed by fireproof walls and hoistway doors that includes the pit and ends at the underside of the machinery room
Hoistway
155
With the elevator systems, this is a device that pulls the car cable
Machine drive
156
With the elevator systems, these are automatic doors on the elevator car equipped with photo-electric sensors, to sense entry and exit
Car doors
157
With elevator systems, these are a set of doors on each floor that protect people from falling into the hoistway
Hoistway doors
158
With elevator systems, these are fire service keys to gain access to the hoistway
Hoistway keys
159
With elevator systems, these are used to control the car in Phase I and II fire service operation
Elevator keys
160
This phase of elevator operation is a condition when the fire service takes control of the elevator cars using elevator keys
Phase II
161
The fire service indicator blinking is an indication that ____
Elevator operation is compromised
162
Firefighters should not use fire escapes, unless
There is no other method to move up and down the structure
163
For working basement fires and commercial sublevel fires, prior to entry, what three things should be accomplished:
- Utilize a quick hit
- Have a backup line in place for the
attack group
- Assigned on deck crews at the point
of entry
164
For all walls that collapse zone should be ____ times the height of the wall
1.5
165
All person on the fire ground must maintain situational awareness during operations. If firefighters suspect a collapse is imminent, immediately announced this fact as ____.
Priority traffic
166
Two tactical concerns for burglar bars and a “working fire”
1) assigned a company to remove
burglar bars
2) assign a dedicated RIT UNTIL the
burglar bars are removed
167
Tactical Concerns:
Before opening a window, consider these four things:
- Stage of the fire
- Fire control efforts
- Wind direction/speed
- Impact this action will have on the
flow path
168
This is a higher security door which can also have features like interior drop bars
Metal clad door
169
This door can be difficult to break and cannot be “re-closed” afterwards
Glass door
170
These doors are usually found at commercial structures. In commercial buildings, most of these doors are located at loading platforms, and there can be a 3-5 ft drop immediately adjacent to the door.
Rolling door
(Drop 3-5 ft = “go rolling”
171
These doors are doors where the bulk of the doors weight is carried by the balanced door spring that sits above the opening
Overhead doors (garage doors)
172
These doors are equipped with closing devices that are key life safety features and should not be disabled. Residential homes may have one from the garage into the house.
Self-closing doors
173
When fighting fire in an interior hallway apartment or office building, crews should create this in case conditions deteriorate?
Area of refuge, prior to opening the door into the fire room.
(Force another door open off the hallway so you can retreat)
174
San Antonio water system SAWS has grids that serve over _____ hydrants with pressure is normally in the ____ PSI range (p.39)
- 28,000
- 80-100 psi
175
Using the International Fire Code, the SAFD has the authority to extinguish any fire, if it is determined to be ____.
“Unsafe”
where conditions such as flying embers constitute a fire hazard or pose an endangerment to life/property
176
Situations involving what two instances concerning unauthorized burn responses may warrant law-enforcement involvement for possible citation issuance? (GR)
- Gross negligence
- Repeated offenses
177
Use of open-flame cooking devices (charcoal, wood, gas-burning), is prohibited where?
- Commercial or Multi-family
occupancies
- A balcony or within 10 feet of a
combustible surface
178
Cooking devices that use _____ are acceptable on a balcony or within 10 feet of a combustible surface
1-lb propane containers, such as those used on camp stoves and lanterns
179
The 10 foot rule does not apply to ____ and open flame cooking on commercially sold devices as permitted as long as ____ and ____
- One or two family dwellings
- The fire is attended
- There is a means of extinguishment
readily available
180
What four guidelines apply to fire pits being allowed within the San Antonio city limits?
- Fire pit is a commercially-sold device
- Operated within intended use
- The fire is attended
- There is a means of extinguishment
readily available
181
Rules of thumb for defensive apparatus placement (masonry/wood and tilt wall)
NOT COLLAPSE ZONE
- masonry or wood structures - one to 1.5 times the full height of the building (OR a MIN of at least 30 feet away)
- Tilt wall structures - spot 1.5 times the full height of the wall away from the building
182
Level 1 procedure is automatically activated when the officer of the initial unit arrives and (2)
- Gives initial radio report (IRR)
- Assumes Command
183
For an engine companies level one means that they don’t pass ____ and for ladder truck companies don’t pass ___
- last water source
- last ACCESS point
184
Concerning Level 1 staging, only which two units respond directly to the scene?
- 1st UNIT
- 1st BC
185
Level one immediately goes into effect with ____
Initial radio report (IRR) from the IIC
186
Once Level 2 is implemented, all communications involving staging will be between the staging manager and?
Command OR Logistics
187
Once fire knockdown has been achieved, fire control crews must continue to reduce the interior temperatures of the structure to ___ to improve occupant and Firefighters survivability
BELOW 200°F
188
Hose lines entering the hot zone for fire control and must have adequate GPM, which is this, in order to protect entry Crews
150+ GPM
189
For a potential wind driven fire, identify and announce the high-pressure side. Never advance into the structure from the low pressure side. The best approach is _____.
From either flank (potential wind)
p. 46
High pressure side (potential wind)
P.68
190
For upper floor vacancies with long handline stretches, it may be quicker to utilize alternate means of egress to apply water on the fire (ground ladders, aerial devices, fire escapes). When using alternate means of egress to quickly attack the fire, Command must also:
Quickly cover and protect the NORMAL means of egress for BOTH the occupants and firefighters
191
Command must make critical decisions as they relate to ___ and ___ . This decision also includes a forecast of where the fire will be when attack efforts are in position to engage the fire.
- Cut off points
- development of a pessimistic IAP
192
Goal of a quick hit is knock the fire down to allow entry. Typically a quick hit should last:
No more than 45 seconds
193
There are four main types of forcible entry tools:
- Cutting
- Prying
- Striking
- Pushing/pulling
194
Concerning secondary hydrants and shared mains, many times ____ is the best option to increase flow.
Pumped water
195
The IC will use the following methods to address the Life Safety tactical priorities on offensive structure fires: (3)
- Protect in place
- Primary searches
- Secondary searches
196
When the risk management profile allows, a primary search should be considered. A good rule of thumb is a primary search should be considered:
On any occupancy with beds
197
For primary search, standard search patterns include:
Left and right, utilizing oriented search
198
What 4 parameters relate to Search being protected by a hose line in the immediate search area in the event conditions deteriorate:
- The Search cannot be protected by
nearby hose line, they must deploy
their own
- If Attack is in immediate area, Search
should be able to operate without a
hose line
- If Search is on a floor directly above
the fire floor, they should have their
own hose line
- EXCEPTION to this guidance is
conducting the Vent, Enter, Isolate,
Search (VEIS) tactic
199
This type of search is an effective method to conduct a room to room primary search and low visibility conditions, and is not suitable for large area structures
Oriented Search
200
This type of search technique is effective when firefighting conditions prevent access from other directions and clearing the exterior of the building. It can be used in single and/or multi story structures as well as buildings were multiple points of entry are needed for rescue.
Vent enter isolate search (VEIS)
201
The tasks for VEIS (4)
- Once a room has been identified, the
officer/Group supervisor must
request PERMISSION from the IC to
perform VEIS using the order model
- ladder rungs at the bottom of the
window sill
- Immediately isolate (close the door)
- Point person at the window sill for
safety
202
Responsibilities for RIT (4)
- Tools (saw, RIT bag, etc.)
- Identify which companies inside,
assignment, general location
- Perform 360
- CONSIDER pulling a hose line
203
When conducting occupant services, if it is possible, assist homeowners with contacting what companies? (3)
- Insurance
- Security
- Clean up
204
The goal of this fire ground activity is to reduce the incidents of secondary fires, control loss, and stabilize the incident scene, providing for firefighter safety
Overhaul
205
This is an assignment to a location close to the emergency where units will be medically evaluated, rehydrated, and replenished
Rehab
206
Concerning Extremely Dangerous Structures, this is the most important consideration in risk management
Firefighter safety
207
For extinguishing grease fires with an extinguisher, the preferred agent is ___ or ____, and the technique used is?
- ABC or CO2
- PASS - Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep
208
Concerns with fires involving MC 306/406 tankers (4)
- tankers may carry variety, most
common are gasoline, diesel fuel,
and alcohol/ethanol
- *gasoline in a container will burn at a
rate of 1 foot of depth per hour*
- Aluminum tanker will melt at 1200°F
- BLEVE is highly unlikely due to low
operating pressure of 3 PSI
209
The two HMRT engines each carry ____ gallons of class B foam
300
210
Concerning solar panel fires, when a hose stream is applied to 1000 Volt DC source, a slight adjustment of the combination nozzle can provide protection to the firefighter. A solid stream adjusted to a ____ degree semi fog cone pattern can reduce measured current below perception level in distances as close as ___ feet.
However, do not approach within _____ feet of the DC source.
- 10 degree
- 5 feet
- 10 feet
211
With a single family residential fire, anticipate early failure with lightweight construction as it can fail within ___ minutes when exposed to fire.
10 minutes
212
The IC will determine the incident communications plan, and every radio channel must have a dedicated ___ at the ICP. The channels are:
- person
- Tac 11 - Ops (Att, Supply, Ext, RIT)
- Tac 12 - Logs (Base, On Deck, Stag)
- Tac 13 - Medical (3 T’s & Rehab)
14, 15, 16 use as needed
213
A midrise structure is ___ floors, where as a commercial podium/mixed use structure is usually ____ floors.
- 5 or fewer
- 4-5 floors
214
In commercial warehouse/big box, fires sprinkler activation can:
Create COLD smoke, resulting in rapidly deteriorating visibility
215
Mulch can be stored in very tall piles, ____ feet high is not uncommon
20-30 ft
216
Although masonry firewalls are designed to withstand structural collapse, this type of structure involved in a fire must be considered a collapse hazard.
ANY structure
217
These systems are a series of structural members joined together to form a rigid framework. The framework consist of rafters, chords, posts, and struts, and usually support roof and floors.
Truss systems
218
For fire department connections, if you anticipate a net pump pressure of over 200 psi, you should do what?
Utilize two engines for tandem pumping
(Net pump = tandem pump)
219
Detection meters can be used to find natural gas and propane. The safe operating threshold is ____ of the LEL.
____ is the explosive range where gases will ignite given a heat source.
- 10% or less (safe)
- 100%
220
When discussing estimated gallons per minute, needed for fire control, most fires are handled by ____ tank(s) of water.
1
221
When discussing water shuttle operations, this must be considered when adequate fire flows cannot be as established early on in the operation
A defensive strategy
222
Travel time (water shuttle operations) is especially critical in “long-term offensive firefighting”, which is how long?
Two or more work cycles
223
The BEST tactic used in addressing the Life Safety tactical priority is to?
Control the fire as quickly and as safely as possible
224
Command must obtain this once Fire Knockdown has been achieved and the structure has been adequately ventilated
Secondary - All clears
225
During a primary search, if a victim is found, announce as _____.
Priority traffic
226
One of the frequent causes of a wind driven fire is?
The sudden failure of a window from high heat or unplanned ventilation
227
When discussing wind driven fires, what are the two steps listed under high-rise challenges?
- pressurize attack stairwell (multiple
PPVs)
- attack fire from high pressure side.
Aerial or high rise nozzle.
228
When concerning possible rescues in a high-rise, what are two possible challenges?
- Position the aerial to sweep the face
of the building
- Put the ladder up to the floor where
firefighters are operating in case
conditions deteriorate
229
What is the one difference in “de-smoking a floor” versus “smoke in the stairwell” in the tactics manual?
Desmoking - open a hatch
Smoke in the stairwell - hatches often padlocked and unsafe to operate in full PPE
230
When discussing a Midrise fire, the initial IAP is the same for a high-rise fire, except for these concerns (3)
- lightweight wood framing
- Early collapse
- Rapid fire spread
- lack of or inoperable standpipe
- avoid using elevators
231
When making an initial call to a podium or mixed use occupancy, the first arriving apparatus should anticipate what?
Limited access
232
What are three concerns according to the SAFD tactics manual when encountering a Commercial Strip Center fire?
- Hazardous materials
- Lateral fire spread
- Heavy security on rear doors
233
Best practices
With a report of light smoke in a commercial strip center fire at night, consideration should be given for?
- A ventilation limited fire
*Anticipate rapid fire growth, and do not enter without a charged line*
234
Concerns with commercial warehouse/big box fires
- Large floorplan with increased risk of
disorientation
- Sprinkler activation, can create cold
smoke
- Prone to early collapse due to
unprotected steel and lightweight
structural elements.
- Air management
235
Actions to avoid with commercial and residential below grade fires
- Personnel operating over the fire
area
- Uncoordinated ventilation
- Crew entering the sublevel alone
236
Concerning wildland fires, it is essential to make clear assignments for all responding units. When resources are lacking, _____ should be the priority.
Protection of residential structures
237
Key priority for Wildland fires
- Get to the flanks and push into the
fire from the sides
- “Attack from the black”
238
What three factors along with heat from organic decomposition can make mulch fires very challenging?
- Elevated temperatures
- Low humidity
- Elevated winds
(Basically a grass fire)
239
When encountering gas leaks, detection meters can be used to identify ___ by taking frequent readings where?
- Perimeter of a gas leak
- Along the periphery
240
The following are characteristics of what type of commercial structure
- Flat roof usually supported by lightweight steel bar joists with no fire protection
- Utilities almost always in the back
- Partition walls may not extend to roof
- Stores and offices are almost always compartmentalized
- Rear doors are almost all metal clad
Strip Center
241
A non-load bearing interior wall that only supports the MATERIAL ON THE WALL itself. These walls do not support the ceiling or roof and typically extend from floor to the ceiling joists above.
Partition wall
242
Many times it is much quicker and safer to apply water onto offensive fires through outside horizontal openings using a straight stream or smooth bore nozzle. This is true for all fires, but especially true for fires that:
Are visible on upper floors or higher elevations
243
What allows firefighters to predict what may occur next, anticipate potential changes, due to ventilation, and the likely effects of tactical action?
Recognizing the stages of fire development and likely progression
244
What three things are dependent on the characteristics of the fuel involved in the ventilation profile?
- Speed with which fire develops
- The peak heat release rate
- Duration of burning
245
With a key pumper, it can help overcome friction loss in the supply hose up to what distance?
How much can the key pumper deliver from the hydrant to the forward engine?
1000 feet
2000 gpm
