take home test Flashcards
list 3 different tumors that affect bone: what makes them different from each other
Osteosarcoma
Osteoma
Osteochondroma
A common malignant bone tumor. Slightly more common in males or teenage boys going through rapid phases of growth. They mostly develop in long bones. It is unknown why they form. It is serious and life threatening.
Osteosarcoma
A rare benign bone tumor. Most common in the an older adult and are usually found on the head and neck. The cause is also unknown.
Osteoma
Is the most common benign tumor. They form where cartilage is found on bone. They are an extra bone growth found mostly in children.
Osteochondroma
is the degeneration of the vertebral discs. It can be caused by poor posture, heavy lifting, or a prior injury. It affects the apophyseal joints and the facet joints of the spine. Signs and symptoms are lipping, compression fractures, ligamentous thickening, and inflammation.
SPONDYLOSIS
is a slippage of one vertebral body anteriorly on another usually at L4/5 L5/S1 and causes a narrowing of the spinal canal. The cause is from a trauma with a fracture to the spine. Signs and symptoms are LBP, mm spasms, increasing lordosis, and referred pain.
SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
is a defect of pars interarticularis in the lumbar spine usually at L4/5 or L5/S1. It is seen in people who play contact sports or push gymnastics. It can be caused by a microtrauma or a genetic defect such as spina bifida occulta.
SPONDYLOLYSIS
a women’s underarms starts to swell 3 months after surgery. What is most likely the cause?
The most likely cause would be lymphedema. Lymphedema is a chronic edema resulting from an increase of lymphatic fluid. It is caused by damage or removal of the lymph nodes.
Primary cause is unknown. Secondary can be from a previous injury, infection, repetitive stress, obesity, hemophilia, or hyper-mobility. Not an inflammatory disease but does flare up at times
Osteoarthriits cause
unknown- possibly from sex hormones or a virus. It is an inflammatory disease.
RA cause
Cartilage becomes damaged creating a rough surface on the bone interfering with joint movements. The tissue damage causes enzymes to be released disintegrating cartilage further. The bone then is exposed and damage causing cysts and bone spurs. Pieces of bone can break off causing pain when moving as well as locking. The distal joints of the hands and feet are affected.
Joint changes that occur:
Osteoarthriits
Synovitis is presents which is inflammation of the joints. Deposits of immune complexes are presents. The synovium gets really thick and there is excess synovial fluid. Pannus starts degrading parts of the bone and cartilage, which leaves the bones looking chiseled out. Can become ankylosing, which is bone being built up around the joint causing the joint to become fused. It can also destroy ligaments.
Joint changes that occur: RA
Mild pain with weight bearing movements, overtime as the degeneration progresses it becomes more painful which causes more swelling and limited movements. Joints become enlarged and hard.
Signs/Symtoms: Osteoarthriits
Early on, swelling and inflammation is visible with the painful joints being red and hot to touch. Rheumatoid Factor is present. In early stages it effects the proximal joints of the hands and feet. In later stages it effects the bigger joints such as hips, knees, shoulders, elbows, C- spine, and TMJ. The pain is acute and severe. The early morning hours is where the most pain occurs taking a person one to two hours to get up and ready. Spindle fingers and muscle atrophy may be present. Joint stiffness is worse with less movement.
Signs/Symtoms: RA
PTAs we will be focusing on improving pain and function, increasing ROM, and working on strength and stabilization of the joint. Regular exercise and weight reduction should be encouraged.
Osteoarthritis treatment
It is important do exercises with a splint if a patient is wearing one and being aware of what exercises may further damage the ligament. Patients are very limited in what they can do. They can flare very easily with soreness and pain lasting for days. Their skin tends to break down more easily as well. Less is better in their case.
RA treatment
Infective arthritis is most common in the very young or the very old. in people who are immunosuppressed, or those who abuse drugs. Sexually transmitted diseases are responsible for about 80% of infections that cause infective arthritis. It is usually isolated to one joint and include a sudden onset of severe pain. Cardinal signs of inflammation may be present. It can be life threatening but most cases can be treated with antibiotics.
infective arthritis
What happens to bone in osteoporosis? Describe signs and symptoms and what type of treatment in PT is appropriate
Osteoporosis is where the cancellous bone begins to break down and thin. Signs and symptoms include spinal changes with increased kyphosis. A loss of height may be noticeable which may cause breathing problems. Patients complain of LBP pain and neck pain. There are several contraindications to be aware of when working with a patient: Spinal flexion, mobilization techniques or traction. Range of motion and strengthening exercises should be done with care.
What are 2 different diseases that affect the head of the femur.
- Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
- Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
The Femoral head slides on femur at epiphysis and is laterally rotated. It is more common in boys, It may be caused by trauma. Commonly in boys 11-16 years old with obesity or rapid growth. Pain is a symptom with restricted movement and altered ambulation. The prognosis is usually good, in severe cases the patient will have arthritis
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
This is caused by avascular necrosis of the proximal femoral epiphysis. It may be due to trauma. Signs and symptoms are the flatting of the femoral head. It may lead to arthritis and is more common in young males, age 3-12. Usually there is pain, stiffness in hip, groin pain, anterior thigh and knee pain, and decreased hip abduction along with medial rotation.
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
The next patient you are going to see has been diagnosed with Scleroderma. When you go in to see the patient describe how they might look and what symptoms they may have. Describe 3 things they might complain about
A patient with Scleroderma will have edema in their fingers. Their skin will be tight in hands, feet, and face with a loss of skin creases. Their lips might be pursed.
3 things a scleroderma patient might complain of is being cold from Raynaud’s disease with the lack of blood flow. It effects the lungs so they might complain of shortness of breath. It also affects the bowels causing them to have stomach aches or needing to be close to a restroom.
Name 3 differences between Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Fibromyalgia
Polymyalgia rheumatic is inflammatory where Fibromyalgia is not.
- Fibromyalgia is treated with exercise, relaxation techniques, analgesic medications and antidepressants to relieve pain and promote sleep. Treatment for polymyalgia is targeted at relieving inflammation.
- Ploymyalgia occurs usually after the age of 60 where with Fibromyalgia onset is usually middle aged women.
Compare psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: name 2 things that make them alike and 2 things that make them different
- Differences - ankylosis affects the spine, SI joint, shoulders, hips, knees where Psoriatic arthritis affects the distal joints of hands and feet. Another thing that makes them different is that Psoriatic arthritis is systemic and ankylosis is not.
- Similarities- Both are inflammatory. Both can go through periods of exacerbations and remissions.
