TAMPONADE

Question 1

What are the different ways to classify a pericardial effusion?

Answer 1

Timing
Size
Distribution
Hemodynamic effect

Question 2

What is acute pericardial effusion?

Answer 2

< 1 week

Question 3

What is subacute pericardial effusion?

Answer 3

> 1 week but < 3 months

Question 4

What is chronic pericardial effusion?

Answer 4

> 3 months

Question 5

What is a small pericardial effusion?

Answer 5

< 10 mm/1 cm

Question 6

What is a moderate pericardial effusion?

Answer 6

10-20 mm
1- 2 cm

Question 7

What is a large pericardial effusion?

Answer 7

> 20 mm
2 cm

Question 8

Distribution of pericardial effusion?

Answer 8

Circumferential
Localized

Question 9

Hemodynamic effect of pericardial effusion?

Answer 9

Without tamponade
With tamponade
Effusive-constrictive

Question 10

Causes of pericardial effusion?

Answer 10

Infectious
Autoimmune
Pericardial injury syndromes
Metabolic
Malignancy
Radiation
Hemodynamic
Drugs & toxins

Question 11

Which viruses can cause a pericardial effusion?

Answer 11

Coxsackie, Echoviruses, ParvoB19, CMV, EBV, adenoviruses Influenza, Mumps, Rubella, HIV, HCV, HBV, HHV-6

Question 12

Which bacteria can cause a pericardial effusion?

Answer 12

Tuberculosis (MC)
Coxiella Brunetti
Staphylococcus
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Leptospira
Listeria

Question 13

Which fungi can cause pericardial effusion?

Answer 13

Histoplasma
Aspergillosis
Blastomycosis
Candida

Question 14

Which parasites can cause a pericardial effusion?

Answer 14

Toxoplasma
Echinococcus

Question 15

Autoimmune conditions that can cause pericardial effusion?

Answer 15

SLE
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Sjorgen syndrome
Systemic Sclerosis
Bechet syndrome

Question 16

Cancers which cause pericardial effusion?

Answer 16

Primary - rare - pericardial mesothelioma
Secondary metastatic - Lung, Breast, Melanoma, lymphoma

Question 17

Metabolic/Endocrine causes of pericardial effusion?

Answer 17

Uremia [ESRD]
Hypothyroidism

Question 18

Hemodynamic causes of pericardial effusion?

Answer 18

Heart failure
Liver disease
Nephrotic syndrome
Pulmonary hypertension
Hypoalbuminemia

Question 19

Radiation can cause pericardial effusion when?

Answer 19

Acute, subacute or even chronic

Question 20

Pericardial injury syndromes?

Answer 20

CABG
Post MI
Post EP ablation
Trauma
Post pericardiotomy syndrome

Question 21

Drugs that can cause pericardial effusion?

Answer 21

Hydralazine
Procainamide
Isonazoid
Duanorubcicin & Doxorubicin
Phenytoin
Penicillins (hypersensitivity)
Methotrexata
Cyclosporine

Question 22

Lab work up for pericardial effusion?

Answer 22

Markers of inflammation (ESR, CRP, WBC)
Markers of myocardial injury (Troponin)
Renal function
Liver function
Thyroid