TARBUCK-IPG-11TH

Question 1

the science that pursues an understanding of planet earth

Answer 1

geology - geo(earth) logos (discourse)

Question 2

difference of historical geology and physical geology

Answer 2

Physical geology is the study of fossils and sequences of rock strata - processes on and in the earth, materials composing earth, whereas historical geology is the study of how rocks and minerals were used in the past- origin of the earth and its development

Question 3

difference of internal process and external processes

Answer 3

IP - beneath the surface of the earth EP - the processes that sculpt the surface features of the earth

Question 4

natural processes become geologic hazards because?

Answer 4

there are people living where those processes occur

Question 5

one of the most influential greek philosopher whos observations about the natural world are based on arbitrary pronouncements or hinch

Answer 5

aristotle

Question 6

he published the scholarly “Annals of the Old Testament, deduced from the first origins of the world” where he concluded that the universe, and everything in it, began at noon, October 23, 4004 BC.

Answer 6

James Ussher, Bishop of Amargh and Primate of all Ireland

Question 7

what is catastrophism

Answer 7

Scientific theory following which the Earth has largely been shaped by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope

Question 8

he publish the theory of the earth in 1795

Answer 8

James Hutton - Scottish Physician

Question 9

the present is the key to the past

Answer 9

uniformitarianism

Question 10

age of earth

Answer 10

4.54 /// 4.6 by

Question 11

ave depth of the global ocean

Answer 11

3800m (12500ft)

Question 12

____% of earths freshwater is locked up in glaciers

Answer 12

69%

Question 13

global ocean blanketing ____% of earths ssurface

Answer 13

71%

Question 14

e rare high-altitude clouds visible only under certain conditions.

Answer 14

noctilucent clouds

Question 15

layer of the atmosphere where radiosonde are found

Answer 15

stratosphere (11-50km)

Question 16

a group of interacting, or interdependent, parts that form a complex whole

Answer 16

system

Question 17

the universe began about ____ years ago with the Big Bang, an incomprehensibly large explosion

Answer 17

13.7 bya

Question 18

nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei combine

Answer 18

nuclear fusion

Question 19

theory that proposes that the bodies of our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula

Answer 19

nebular theory

Question 20

is theorized to be a vast cloud of icy planetesimals surrounding the Sun at distances ranging from 2,000 to 200,000 AU. The concept of such a cloud was proposed in 1950 by the Dutch astronomer

Answer 20

Oort Cloud

Question 21

circumference of the earth

Answer 21

40,075km

Question 22

meridional circumference of earth that is from pole to pole is

Answer 22

40,008 km

Question 23

densest planet

Answer 23

5.513 grams per cubic centimeter - Earth

Question 24

least dense planet

Answer 24

Saturn is the least dense planet in our solar system. The density of Saturn is just 0.687 gm/cm 3, which is less than the density of water (1 gm/cm 3

Question 25

earths volume

Answer 25

Earth’s volume is estimated at 1 trillion cubic kilometers

Question 26

earth's surface area

Answer 26

Earth’s surface area is an estimated 510 km2

Question 27

composition of the Earth's atmosphere is

Answer 27

78% of nitrogen and 21% oxygen.

Question 28

the highest peak above sea level on earth

Answer 28

Mt Everest in Asia - Rising to 29,029 feet (8,848 meters)

Question 29

The most distant point from the Earth’s center

Answer 29

Chimaborazo Mountain in Ecuador at 6, 267 meters (20,561 feet). The peak is the farthest point from the center of the Earth because of the oblate shape of Earth and its proximity to the equator.

Question 30

The lowest elevation on land on earth

Answer 30

Dead Sea, at 1,369 feet (417.27 meters) below sea level

Question 31

the lowest point in water

Answer 31

Pacific Ocean's Mariana Trench - 11, 034 meters (36,200 feet) below sea level.

Question 32

moons in the solar system have been identified.

Answer 32

166

Question 33

how many times is suns circumference bigger than earth

Answer 33

109

Question 34

how did we learn about the composition and structure of Earth's interior?

Answer 34

the nature of earth;s interior is determined by analyzing seismic waves from earthquakes

Question 35

difference of layering earths physical properties of the earth and its layering chemical composition

Answer 35

the layering physical properties are based on factors such as wether the layer is liquid or solid, weak or strong while the layering by chemical composition shows that there are three different layers based on differences in composition

Question 36

thickness of oceanic crust

Answer 36

7km (5mi)

Question 37

thickness of continental crust

Answer 37

35-70km (22-40mi)

Question 38

Earth's radius

Answer 38

6380km

Question 39

thickness of mantle

Answer 39

2900km

Question 40

thickness of core

Answer 40

3480km

Question 41

how deep till you reach the inner core

Answer 41

5150km

Question 42

ave density of continental rocks

Answer 42

3g/cm3

Question 43

density of oceanic crust

Answer 43

2.7 g/cm3

Question 44

mantle is ___% of earths volume

Answer 44

more than 82%

Question 45

the dominant rock type in the uppermost mantle is ____

Answer 45

peridotite

Question 46

the bottom part of the lower mantle is called the ___ zone

Answer 46

transition zone

Question 47

sphere of rock

Answer 47

lithosphere

Question 48

consist of the entire crust plus the uppermost mantle and forms Earth's relatively cool, rigid outer shell

Answer 48

lithosphere

Question 49

weak sphere

Answer 49

asthenosphere

Question 50

why is there a sudden increase in density at the top of the transition zone?

Answer 50

minerals in the rock peridotite respond to the increase in pressure by forming new minerals with closely packed atomic structures

Question 51

density in transition zone

Answer 51

3.5 to 3.7 g/cm3

Question 52

D" layer

Answer 52

highly variable and unusual layer

Question 53

composed of nickel-iron alloy with minor amounts of O, Si, Sulfur

Answer 53

core

Question 54

cores density

Answer 54

11g/cm3

Question 55

thickness of outer core

Answer 55

2270km - which is liquid

Question 56

radius of inner core

Answer 56

1216km - solid

Question 57

Process by which a solid with a highly organised atomic or molecular structure forms

Answer 57

crystalization

Question 58

"conversion into rock"

Answer 58

lithification

Question 59

what are the 5 major ocean basins

Answer 59

arctic ocean, pacific ocean, atlantic ocean, indian ocean,

Question 60

ave elevation of continents

Answer 60

0.8km (0.5mi)

Question 61

ave depth of ocean floor

Answer 61

4km