Task 1 chapters(1,2,6 and 7)

Question 1

Steps of the research process

Answer 1

1) Get an idea
2) Develop a hypothesis
3) choose an appropriate research design
4) choose subject population
5) decide on what to observe and appropriate measures
6) conduct a study to collect data
7) collect data
8) analyze data
9) disseminate the results

Question 2

What is the analogy of cidalni?

Answer 2

1. Scout the area

2. Trap-identify factors and study phenomena

Question 3

What is basic research?

Answer 3

Investigation of issues relevant the confirmation/disconfirmation of theoretical or empirical positions

Basic. Squire general information

Question 4

What is applied research?

Answer 4

To generate info. That can be applied directly to a real world problem —> distinction between both research’s is not always clear

Question 5

Problems with internet research?

Answer 5

Importance of protection of privacy—> hacker?

Researchers are likely to get kicked out of a chatroom

Question 6

How do we is true science?

Answer 6

When we use established scientific methods to acquire information/knowledge

Question 7

What is scientific explanation based on?

Answer 7

On objective observation and logic that can be empirically tested

Question 8

How do we know it is non-science?

Answer 8

When it applies systematic techniques to the acquisition of information but it lacks any empirical testing—> philosophy

Question 9

What is pseudo-science?

Answer 9

Set of ideas based on theories out forth as scientific but that aren’t scientific in reality

Question 10

Easy ways to recognize a pseudo science?

Answer 10

1having no mechanisms of self correction
2 consequent stagnation of ideas
3 impressive sounding jargon
4not falsifiable*
5disproof is ignores
6no basis in previous scientific research
7 criticizing research that doubt effectiveness
8 goal is to persuade/promote

Question 11

What is a Fringe-science

Answer 11

On the edge between science and pseudo science g.e astrology

Question 12

What is a scientific view?

Answer 12

Being sceptic and question everything

Question 13

Scientific method

Answer 13

Method that scientists use to explain human Behaviour

Approach that has proven its ability to find explanations of great power and generality

Question 14

What is a scientific explanation?

Answer 14

Explanation based on the application of scientific methods

Question 15

Rules to be a scientific explanation

Answer 15

Empirical-based in evidence, tested/verified by others

Rational-follow rules of logic and be consistent with known facts

Testable-replicable

Parsimonious-explained with the fewest number of assumptions possible

General-broad explanatory power

Falsifiable- have the possibility to be wrong

Rigorously evaluates

Question 16

What is the confirmation bias?

Answer 16

A human tendency to seek out information that confirms our beliefs

Question 17

What are the different methods of inquiry?

Answer 17

1) Method of authority
Using expert sources

2) rational method
- use of pure reason Descartes
- cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I exist)
- deduction,logical reasoning
- not used to develop scientific explanations

3)scientific method—> the research process

Question 18

How do we perform scientific method?

Answer 18

1) observe a phenomenon
2) formulate our hypothesis
3) Observe or experiment to rule out alternative explanations
4) refining and retesting explanations

Question 19

What two interactions exist between data and theory?

Answer 19

1) Theory driven research

2) Data driven research

Question 20

Characteristics of good hypothesis

Answer 20

Ability to account for data
Often connected with prior research
Positive-positive statement regarding the existence of something logical
Logical
Explanatory relevance—> must offer good grounds
-Testable: variables should be observable and measurable —>real situations
Capable of failing —> falsifiable
Prediction of novel events
Parsimony

Question 21

What are common sense explanations?

Answer 21

Based on our own sense of what is true about the world around us

Based on observation of events in the real world

Question 22

What are belief based explanations?

Answer 22

Explanations accepted because they come from a trusted source or appear to be consistent with the larger framework of belief

Question 23

What are the different methods of acquiring info?

Answer 23

1. method of authority
2. The rational method
3. The scientific method

Question 24

What is the method of authority?

Answer 24

Consulting expert sources(books,people etc) that you consider authoritative on the issue in question

Question 25

What is the rational method?

Answer 25

Is based on deductive logic: if the assumptions are true and you make no logical errors deduction guarantees the truth of the conclusion. This method isn’t used to develop scientific explanations but helps us form ideas about the relationship between two variables ( which are usually deducted from earlier assumptions)

Question 26

What are the four steps of scientific method?

Answer 26

1.Observing a phenomenon 2 Formulating tentative explanations 3 Further observing or experimenting 4Refining and retesting the explanations

Question 27

Scientific method : Observing a phenomenon

Answer 27

1. Cialdini called this step “scouting” 2. Through the process of observation you identify variables that appear to have an important influence in your Behaviour

Question 28

Scientific method: Formulating tentative explanations

Answer 28

1 hypothesis : statement of the relationship between two or more variables and should be testable 2 Statement of how changes in the value of one variable will affect the value of the other variable

Question 29

Scientific method: Further observing or experimenting

Answer 29

1. Cialdini called this step trapping | 2. designing a research study to test the relationship that you proposed

Question 30

What are the three ways to perform the cialdini proceed of trapping (observe or experiment)

Answer 30

1 correlations study: measure two or more variables and look at the relationship between them 2 Quasi experimental study: tale advantage of some naturally occurring event or preexisting conditions 3. Experiment systematically manipulate one variable nd look for changes in another

Question 31

Scientific method: Refining and retesting the explanations

Answer 31

1generating new, more specific hypothesis in the light of previous results

Question 32

When can the scientific method go wrong?

Answer 32

Faulty inference: after making observations we have to infer the causes underlying a Behaviour and we could do this wrongly Pseudoexplanations: psychologists just trying to provide explanations of Behaviour offering positions that do nothing more that labeling the Behaviour al event instead of explaining it —> circular explanation : tautology

Question 33

Characteristics of a good theory?

Answer 33

- Abuility to account for data - Explanatory relevance - Testability - Predicts novel events - Parsimony

Question 34

What are the three different strategies one can take in testability?

Answer 34

Confirmational strategy: looking for confirmation Disconfirmational strategy: whether there are outcomes not expected Strong inference: designing experiment by specifying alternative explanations for phenomenon and research is done till only one alternative is left

Question 35

What are the differences between deduction and induction?

Answer 35

They’re viceversa. Deduction reasoning goes from a general statement to a more specific conclusion Induction goes from a specific statement to a general conclusion Both types of reasoning only work if your assumptions are 100% true!!!!

Question 36

What are the differences between active and passive deception?

Answer 36

Actively means giving misleading information Passively means withholding information but not actively,intentionally giving false information.

Question 37

When may deception be used?

Answer 37

According to the APA ethical principles deception may only be used if the experimenter can justify the use of deception based on the study’s scientific education or applied value

Question 38

What are some solutions to deception?

Answer 38

Assuming a role playing position Obtaining prior consent to be deceived Debriefing informing participants of the deception as soon as possible after the research as well as restoring participants trust and self esteem

Question 39

What should a debriefing session include?

Answer 39

Full disclosure of the purposes of the experiment Complete description of the deception used and a thorough explanation of why the deception was necessary

Question 40

What is informed consent?

Answer 40

Informing a participant about research and obtaining consent to participate in it.

Question 41

What is fraud?

Answer 41

Fabricating Data Selecting only best data Taking credit for another work Education prevents fraud Office of research integrity responsible for dealing with fraud cases