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PSY4031 > Task 2 > Flashcards

Task 2 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

List the three stages of prenatal brain development

A
  1. Geminal
  2. Embryonic
  3. Fetal
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2
Q

When does the geminal period occur?

A

2 weeks after fertilization of egg and sperm

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3
Q

When does the embryonic period occur?

A

2nd to 8 weeks gestation

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4
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

Division of cells and differentiation to form different organs

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5
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Production of nerve cells

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6
Q

What happens in the migration stage of cellular development?

A

Cells formed from progenitor cells in the neural tube move to their location and some migrate to radial glia cells.

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7
Q

What is myelinization?

A

Insulation of cells by fatty tissues

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8
Q

What is sypnaptogenesis?

A

Formation of synapses to allow communication with other neurons

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9
Q

What is the last stage of cellular development in the brain?

A

Myelinization & Synaptogenesis

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10
Q

Some brain structures are already present & functional by 11 weeks gestation. What are they?

A

Superior Collicus
Inferior Colliculus
Cerebellum
Medulla
Cerebral cortex is still developing

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11
Q

Touch is the first sensory modality to develop prenatally. When does it develop?

A

8 weeks

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12
Q

When does hearing abilities develop prenatally?

A

22-24 weeks

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13
Q

What can the fetus hear in the uterus?

A

Low frequencies. The mother’s skin acts as a filter so some sounds cannot be processed (e.g. high frequencies).

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14
Q

Vision is the last sensory modality to develop. When does it develop?

A

week 26

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15
Q

What are teratogens?

A

They are toxic substances that affect the fetus’ development upon exposure during the uterus.

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16
Q

Teratogens can cause impairments and organ malformations if it the fetus is exposed to it during the embryonic period. Why is that?

A

Because the embryonic period is when cells differentiate to form different organs.

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17
Q

Provide examples of teratogens

A

Alcohol, drugs, stress,

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18
Q

What are some physical symptoms of Fetal Alchohol Syndrome?

A

Small head
Abnormal facial appearance
Small height

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19
Q

Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome consists of 3 categories. List them.

A
  1. Growth Deficiencies (small head & height)
  2. CNS Disorders (microencephaly)
  3. Distinctive abnormal facial features
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20
Q

In what way does Fetal Alcohol Syndrom affect children?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • hyperactivity in 4 year olds
  • psychological deficits & behavioural problems
  • aggressive & externalizing behaviours
21
Q

How does Fetal Alcohol Syndrome affect adolescents?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Alcohol problems & drug abuse
  • Social behaviour deficits
22
Q

What happens before the fetus brain starts to form?

Study These Flashcards
A

The fertilized egg forms a neural plate 18 days later.

This neural plate the forms a groove and eventually closes.

The closing of the neural plate forms 3 swells called the forebrain, mid brain and hind brain

23
Q

In which week does the forebrain subdivide into the diencephalon and telencephalon?

24
Q

Towards the end of week 4, the hindbrain divides into two cephalons. What are they?

Study These Flashcards
A

metencephalon & myelencephalon

25
At which week does the telecephalon cover the diencephalon to form the cerebral hemispheres?
week 11
26
Initially, the appearance of the fetus' cerebral appears smooth. They eventually fold and assume their adult-like appearance. What are the grooves and convolutions called?
Groove = sulci Convolutions = gyri
27
What is the telencephalon?
The anterior part of the brain which is also called the cerebrum
28
What is the diencephalon?
the part of the brain that is placed between the telencephalon and the midbrain
29
What is another name for the anterior part of the brain, that is also referred to as the cerebrum?
Telencephalon
30
What is the name of the part of the brain that is placed between the telencephalon and the midbrain?
Diencephalon
31
What is another name for midbrain?
Mesencephalon
32
What is another name for mesencephalon?
Midbrain
33
What is the metencephalon?
Embruonic part of the hindbrain that differentiates into the pons and cerebellum
34
What is the name of the structure that the pons and cerebellum originate from before they are differentiated?
Metencephalon
35
What does the myelencephalon consist of?
The medulla oblongata
36
Two of the following structures appear on the 4th week of the fetus' brain development. Which one are they?
Diencephalon and telecephalon
37
When do the mesen, meten, and myelencephalon appear?
week 7
38
Alcohol is a teratogen that is said to have a dose-dependent effect on development. Research shows there are little to no effects at low doses. What are the effects of high doses of alcohol on cognitive development?
1 year olds score lower on visual perception, spatial relations, short term memory, attention and receptive language. Learning problems, IQ decrement in processing speed. Difficulties with sustained attention
39
The effects of alcohol on development are also thought to only be effective during certain periods of pregnancy, especially during the 1st trimester. What are its effects on development during exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy?
Cognition: long term learning and memory impairment Brain: Selective loss of hippocampal pyramid cells or cerebellar purkinje/granule cell. Apoptotic neural death in hippocampus & cerebral cortex. Affects proliferation (production of nerve cells), growth, and maturation of glia
40
One of the effects of alcohol exposure during 1st trimester on development is selective loss of hippocampal pyramid cells or cerebellar purkinje/granule cells. What are Purkunje and granule cells and why are they so important?
Purkinje cells have long dendrites & are able to integrate large amounts of info. Granule cells are involved in visual & motor info to learning & memory.
41
How does alcohol exposure during pregnancy affect the child's brain development?
Selective loss of hippocampal pyramid cells or cerebellar purkunje/granule cells Apoptotic neural death in hippocampus and cerebral cortex Affects glia cells Affects proliferation, growth, and maturation of glia
42
What are retrospective studies? Where can the participants be recruited?
It is part of longitudinal studies and participants are asked to recall past events. They can be recruited in hospitals, clinics, or birth defect registries.
43
What are some challenges of retrospective studies?
Recall bias: may not recall specific timing of teratogen exposure Under-reporting due to social stigma Differential misclassification instead of random classification
44
What are prospective studies?
Longitudinal approach where subjects are followed over a period of time to gather information and record developmental outcomes
45
What are some advantages of prospective studies?
Systematic obsevation Minimized recall bias Extent and timing of teratogen can be determined
46
Evaluate cross-sectional studies used to investigate effects of teratogens on development
Allows for comparisons Does not control for confounding variables Selection bias
47
List 6 types of studies used to study the effects of teratogens on development
1. Retrospective 2. Prospective 3. Longitudinal 4. Cross-Sectional 5. Genetic - twin studies 6. In vitro using animals
48
What are some methodological issues related to teratogen studies?
Statistical issues: Limited statistical power Difficult to identify main predictor variable Role of environment Expected effects are not large Issues with longitudinal study: drop outs, non-response bias Outcome measures: Long term beurobehavioural/cognitive domains are not accounted for The fx of teratogens are not consistent over time Maternal reports are not always reliable Some behaviours are not testable due to immaturity of the brain

PSY4031 (9 decks)

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