Task 3 Flashcards
Brainy methods (21 cards)
Nervous System Development
1: Neurogenesis
= mitotic division of non neuronal cells to produce neurons
- after mitosis: cells form ventricular zone (region lining cerebral ventricles that display mitosis, providing neurons early in development and glial cells throughout life)
Nervous System Development
2: Cell Migration
= movements of cells to establish distinct nerve cell populations
Nervous System Development
3: Differentiation
= transformation of precursor cells into distinctive types of neurons and glial cells
- Induction: process by which one set of cells influences the fate of neighboring cells, usually by secreting a chemical factor that changes gene expression in the target cells
Nervous System Development
4: Synaptogenesis
= establishment of synaptic connections, as axons and dendrites grow
Nervous System Development
5: Neuronal Cell Death / Apoptosis
= the selective death of many nerve cells
- cells not dying because of defect –> seems like they have “decided” to die –> death genes
Nervous System Development
6: Synapse Rearrangement
= loss of some synapses and development of others, to refine synaptic connections
Cell differentiation
shapes cell into distinctive forms and functions of neurons found in that particular region
Pruning/Apoptosis
neuronal cell death, surplus of cells die
- pruning: “use it or loose it” –> making brain more efficient
Neurolation
- within first 3 weeks of conception
- CNS arises from neural plate:
neural plate —> neural grove —> neural tube
Neural profileration
- differentiation of neural tube
- production of new nerve cells
Mitosis
cell duplication —> one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells
Myelination
process of myelin formation around axons
- helps information to travel faster
- frequently used connections more efficient
Neurotrophic factors
= molecules that enhance growth and survival potential of neurons
- guidance cues for developing neurons
Migration/aggregation
Migration:
- supported by glial cells
- inside-out-pattern of cortical development
- external influences (e.g. alcohol —> fetal alcohol syndrome)
Aggregation:
- brain structures
Cell differentiation
shapes cell into distinctive forms and functions of neurons found in that particular region
Article
- in general
- adolescents hypersensitive for affective input
- better in reasoning for affective situation: child –> no risk-seeking
- limbic system of adolescent a lot bigger
Article
- “hot” pathway; situations
Limbic System
- heightened arousal –> more likely to engage in risky behavior –> “hot” situations make biggest difference between adults and adolescents
Article
- “cold” pathway; situations
Prefrontal Cortex
- decision making in low emotional conditions, rational
- adults: less sensitive to affective inputs
Research Designs:
- Cross-sectional design
= children of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period
- Pro: Useful data about differences among age groups; quick and easy to administer
- Con: uninformative about stability of individual differences over time and similarities and differences in child’s patterns of change
Research Designs:
- Longitudinal design
= same children are studied twice or more over a substantial length of time
- Pro: indicates degree of stability over long periods; reveals child’s pattern of change over long periods
- Con: difficult to keep all participants in study; repeatedly testing children can threaten external validity of the study
Research Designs:
- sequential design
= combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal
- Pro: compensates for weaknesses; shoe generational effects
- Con: most costly; lots of energy and effort; always add new samples
