Task 4

Question 1

What are the 3 types of executive functions?

Answer 1

1. Inhibitory control: one’s ability to resist a strong inclination to do something other that what they are supposed to be doing.
2. Working memory: holding information in mind and working on it: e.g. mental manipulation of ideas, making connections between what has been learned, heard etc. to previous knowledge.
3. Cognitive flexibility: ability to change perspective/focus of attention, thinking outside the box for problem-solving.

Question 2

What is the neural underpinning of Executive functions?

Answer 2

Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex

Question 3

What executive function is present in the first year of life?

Answer 3

holding in mind

Question 4

What executive functions are present from 3-7 years?

Answer 4

more improvements in inhibition, holding in mind and cognitive flexibility

Question 5

What are the 4 types of executive functions that appear from 7 years to adulthood?

Answer 5

• Speed of processing
• Use of strategies
• Ability to hold info in mind & work with it
• Ability to hold info in mind while inhibiting

Question 6

Explain the effects of PKU on the brain & development

Answer 6

• Normally, we obtain Phe through protein-types of food.
• When Phe enters our body, it is converted to Tyr by the Phe hydroxalaze enzyme.
• Tyr then converts it to DA
• PKU affects the Phe hydroxalaze enzyme (reduces it). Thus, Tyr is reduced so DA is also reduced.
• This leads to abnormal brain development and issues with executive functioning (e.g. ADHD).