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Fish Ecology > Taxonomic Groups - Midterm > Flashcards

Taxonomic Groups - Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the superclass of JAWED fish?

A
  • Gnathostomata
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2
Q

Which 4 classes are in in the superclass Gnathostomata (2 extinct, 2 extant) ?

A
  • Plactodermi (led to cartilaginous fishes) *Extinct
  • Acanthiodii (may have come before plactoderms) * Extinct
  • Chonrichthyes (cartilaginous - sharks, rays, skates) *Extant
  • Osteichthyes (bony fishes, 2 sub classes)
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3
Q

What is are the sub classes of OSTEICHTHYES (bony fishes)?

A
  • Sarcopterygii (lobed-finned - lungfish, coelacanth)

- Actinopterygii (rayed-finned - salmon, trout, perch)

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4
Q

What is the name of the superclass of JAWLESS fish?

A
  • Agnatha
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5
Q

Which two classes are in in the superclass AGNATHA?

A
  • Petromyzontiformes (LAMPREYS)

- Mixini (HAGFISH)

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6
Q

Why are jaws important evolutionary (2 reasons)?

A
  • Allows for consumption of larger, more diverse prey

- More efficient respiration - closing the jaw stops backflow of water when it passes over the gills

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7
Q

What else did Gnathostomata evolve with?

A
  • Jaw
  • Paired fins which provides lift and stability
  • Stomach, pancreas, and spleen for more efficient physiological processes
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8
Q

What are some characteristics of CHONDRICHTHYES?

A
  • UNHINGED jaws for wider gape
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9
Q

Which 2 subclasses are is in the class CHONDRICHTHYES?

A
  • Elasmobranchii (Sharks, skates, rays)

- Subterbranchiali (Ratfish, chimaera)

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of the subclass ELASMOBRANCHII (sharks, skates, rays) (4)?

A
  • Spiral valve digestion
  • 5 to 7 gill arches
  • Spiracle (gill slit behind the eye) for more efficient respiration when eating or on sea floor
  • Nictitating membrane as eyelid
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11
Q

What is different about sharks and osmoregulation?

A
  • They have high concentrations of urea in blood for osmoregulation in salt water - becomes isotonic to sea water
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12
Q

Why are sharks such good predators?

A
  • Enhanced sense of SMELL
  • Great EYESIGHT
  • Great HEARING
  • Well developed LATERAL LINE system
  • Ampullae of Lorenzini (ELECTRORECEPTORS) for catching prey
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13
Q

What is a mermaid purse, and who has one?

A
  • A leathery pouch that protects developing shark or skate embryo
  • Looks like seaweed, but has horny ends
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14
Q

Define the following terms and provide an example of a species for each:

  • Oviparous
  • Viviparous
  • Oviviparous
A
  • Oviparous: egg laying - SHARKS, SALMON, SKATES, RATFISH
  • Viviparous: young developed in womb and mother giving birth to live young, SHARKS, DOLPHINS
  • Oviviparous: eggs developed inside body and hatch in body, then live birth, MOST SHARKS (MAKO and SANDTIGER),
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15
Q

Provide 5 unique ideas on shark reproduction.

A
  • Sharks can be either OVIPAROUS, viviparous, or oviviparous.
  • Females have MERMAIDS purse to host live babies until birth
  • Young may become CANNABILISTIC with siblings prior to birth
  • Males have pelvic CLASPERS for internal fertilization.
  • Males BITE and hold onto female when mating
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16
Q

Name 5 sharks present in BC.

A
  • 11 sharks, 8 skates and rays and 1 rat fish in province
  • Brown Cat Shark (smallest)
  • Basking Shark (largest)
  • Great White Shark
  • Blue Shark
  • Salmon Shark
  • Spiny Dogfish
17
Q

Salmon Shark

A
  • Circulatory rete mirabile to increase oxygen transfer efficiency in cold water
18
Q

Basking Shark

A
  • Huge gaping mouth for filtering
19
Q

Spiny Dogfish

A
  • Individual embryos are called candles (viviparous)
20
Q

Six Gill Shark

A
  • One of the largest sharks in BC that does not feed on plankton
21
Q

Great White Shark

A
  • Macro predator

- Coastal waters

22
Q

Provide 5 characteristics of Skates and Rays

A
  • TEETH are modified for crushing mullosks
  • GILL SLITS are on underside of the body, except for the spiracle (above eye)
  • MANTA have large mouths for plankton feeding
  • ELECTRIC RAYS have electric organs on underside
  • SKATES have mermaid purse
  • STINGRAYS, MANTA RAYS, ELECTRIC RAYS, BIG SKATES, LONGNOSE SKATE
23
Q

Provide examples of 3 rays and 2 skates

A
  • Sting Ray
  • Manta Ray
  • Electric Ray
  • Longnose Skate
  • Big Skate
24
Q

Which 2 superorders comes under ELASMOBRANCHII?

A
  • BATOIDEA (Skates and Rays)

- SELACHIMORPHA (Sharks)

25
Q

Which superorder comes under SUBTERBRANCHIALI?

A
  • HOLOCEPHALI (Ratfish, Chimeras, Rabbitfish)

- Spotted Ratfish (BC)

26
Q

Provide 5 characteristics of the Ratfish.

A
  • SKELETON made of cartilage
  • Long skinny TAIL
  • Rabbit-like TEETH
  • Mostly DEEP water, some spawn in shallow
  • Males have CEPHALIC CLASPER on head to hold on during reproduction
  • INTERNAL reproduction with pelvic claspers
27
Q

Largest extinct species of shark?

A
  • Megalodon

- Whale shark (largest living!)

28
Q

Smallest species of shark?

A
  • Pygmy shark
29
Q

What is the term semelparity and give an example of a species.

A
  • A species that dies after spawning

- Pacific Salmon

30
Q

What is the term iteroparity and give an example of a species.

A
  • A species that can spawn again and again

- Lake Trout, Bull Trout

31
Q

What is the large extinct species of PLACTODERM?

A
  • Dunkleosteous
32
Q

Why is the mermaid purse effective for sharks?

A
  • It is needed to protect the eggs from losing water to the ocean due to it hypertonic solution
33
Q

What is special about sharks eyes?

A
  • They have tapetum lucidum which is a mirror like structure that is behind the retina that reflects light giving good vision in the dark

Fish Ecology (7 decks)

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