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Taxonomy Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Agnatha (jawless)

A

Petromyzontiformes, Myxiniformes

Lamprey, Hagfish

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2
Q

Apomorphy

A

Derived trait in a different form from ancestor

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3
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Shared derived characteristic from most recent common ancestor
beginning of new monophyletic group (clade)

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4
Q

Plesiomorphy / symplesiomorphy

A

Characteristics shared with ancestors (all descendants have trait)

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5
Q

Class: Condricthyes

A 
Cartilaginous fishes
Cartilaginous skeleton and jawed mouths
- placoid scales (teeth-like)
- no swim bladder
- internal fertilization
- oviparity, ovovivaparity, viviparity
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6
Q

Gnathostomata

A

Jawed mouths

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7
Q

Class: Condricthyes
Subclass: Holocephali

A 
Ratfish, chimerans (whole heads)
Features:
- Gill openings covered by soft tissue (operculum), no spiracle
- large dorsal fins
- vertically flat; feed on sea floor
- tooth 'plates' for mashing clams and hard shelled things
- rat-like tail
- oviparous
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8
Q

Class: Condricthyes
Subclass: Neoselachii

A 
Sharks, Rays, Skates
Features:
- heterocercal tail
- clasper for internal fertilization
- gill slit
- spiracle
- oil in liver used for buoyancy
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9
Q

Tapetum Lucidum

A

reflect light twice; better sight in low light

feat. sharks, cats, cows

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10
Q

Nictitating Membrance

A

membranous cover over shark eyes while feeding

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11
Q

Lateral Line

A

Mechanoreception:
pores allow for tracking of movement/vibrations in the water
(similar to hearing and ears)

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12
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

Electroreception:

able to sense electrical signals coming from prey

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13
Q

Oviparity

A

eggs laid in egg cases; feed on yolk

sharks, skates, rays

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14
Q

Lectihotrophic viviparity

A

egg in mother, hatches while inside and feeds on yolk

rays (round rostrum), sand tiger shark (simblicide)

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15
Q

Matrotropophic viviparity

A

embryo fed by placenta, live birth outside of mother

open water sharks

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16
Q

Class: Osteicthyes

A

Bony fishes

  • bone skeleton
  • operculum
  • cycloid, ctenoid, ganoid, no scales
  • presence of swim bladder
  • external fertilization
  • oviparity reproduction
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17
Q

Physostomous swim bladder (open)

A

swim bladder connected to mouth
- gulp air and push it into swim bladder through pneumatic duct in G.I tract; burp to release
(eels, herring, salmon, minnows)

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18
Q

Physoclistus swim bladder (closed)

A

Oxygen is diffused from blood to swim bladder through blood vessels
Oxygen is absorbed back into blood stream to release gas

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19
Q

Freshwater teleosts (fish)

A

Hyperosmotic (saltier than environment)
dilute urine, don’t drink water, gills retain and uptake salt in order to retain salty body
(also coelacanths, condricthyes)

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20
Q

Marine teleosts (fish)

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A

Hypo-osmotic (less salty than environment)
concentrated urine, drink water, gills excrete salts
(also lampreys)

21
Q

Anadromous

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A

Spawn in freshwater, live in saltwater most of adult life

salmon, lamprey, shad

22
Q

Catadromous

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A

Spawn in saltwater, live in freshwater most of adult life

American eel

23
Q

Iso-osmotic

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A

Able to adjust solutes depending on environment (osmoregulation)

24
Q

Class: Osteicthyes
Subclass: Actinopterygii

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A

(ray-finned fishes)

Actin = ray, pter = fin or wing

25
Subclass: Actinopterygii Order: Polypteriforms
Bichir (many finlets): - freshwater, Africa - eat fish - ganoid scales - recoil respiration in lungs (scale recoil when breathing helps inhalation)
26
Ram ventilation
"ram" the water to force water across gills must swim to continue breathing (most modern sharks)
27
Buccal pumping
open and close mouth to force water over gills | fish, nurse sharks
28
Subclass: Actinopterygii Order: Acipensiformes
``` Sturgeon: - coastal, freshwater - scutes, remnants of ganoid scales - swim bladder instead of lung - subterminal mouth (not at end of head) - barbels - suction feeders, bottom dwellers Paddlefish: - amplulae of Lorenzini along "paddle" - eat copepods along river bottom ```
29
Subclass: Actinopterygii Group: Neopterygii (new fish) Order: Amiiformes
Bowfin: - suction feeder; eats most things - physostomous: swim bladder as lung/buoyancy
30
Subclass: Actinopterygii Group: Neopterygii (new fish) Order: Lepisosteiformes (armored)
Gar: (North, Central America) - brackish waters - sneak up on fishes to eat - ganoid scales - swim bladder can function as a lung (physostomous)
31
Subdivision: Teleostei | Osteoglassomorpha
(Bony tongue) Arawana, Elephant Nose Elephant Nose: - innate electrical field for navigation
32
Subdivision: Teleostei | Elopomorpha
(Marine fishes) Eel, Tarpon - Larvae are Leptocephalus larvae (small/weak head) and transparent
33
Leptocephalus larvae
larvae have small/weak heads and are transparent
34
Ammocete larvae
Lamprey larvae | burrow into ground with head exposed; filter feed on microorganisms until adulthood
35
American Eel (Elopomorpha taxon)
- Catadromous (FW live, SW spawn) - Leptocephalous larva into 'glass eel' into adult - semelparous
36
Subdivision: Teleostei | Clupeomorpha
(Schooling fish) Anchovy, Herring (bait/commercial fish) - live in massive schools - shiny, reflective fish
37
Subdivision: Teleostei | Ostariophysi (physostomous - open)
Minnows, catfish, Pacu, knifefish (electric eel), piranhas, sardines, tigerfish, 80% FW fish - swim bladder vibrates vertebral column to ears, enhancing mechanoreception (hearing) - able to provide warning to others and to 'group up' when in danger
38
Ostariophysi mechanoreception
Swim bladder - weberian ossciles (on anterior vertebrae) - sinus impar - semicircular canals, otolith, sacculus (ear)
39
Infradivision: Euteleostei (eu = true) | Protancanthopterygii
Trouts, Salmonids - Anadromous - semelparous spawning - external fertilization (in redd/nest)
40
Infradivision: Euteleostei (eu = true) | Paracanthopterygii
Pollock, Atlantic Cod, anglerfishes - single barbel - bottom dwellers
41
Series: Percomorpha Order: Perciformes
Coral reef fishes: - very large group, most coral reef fish (surgeonfish, butterflyfish, grouper, barracuda, tuna, etc)
42
Series: Percomorpha | Seahorses
- male incubates eggs in pouch | - external fertilization
43
Series: Percomorpha Order: Tetraodontiformes (4-teeth order)
Triggerfish, puffers, box fishes, porcupinefishes, ocean sunfishes - presence of spine(s) - poisonous [Tetrodotoxin]
44
Series: Percomorpha | Flounders, soles
- Eyes migrate to one side of body (left-eye, right-eye groups) - begin to swim sideways Flounders, Halibut: - mouth is symmetrical, eat fish Soles: - mouth is on 'blind' side (asymmetrical), eat clams, worms, etc. [also very strong]
45
Order: Tetraodontiformes | Ocean sunfishes
Mola Mola - Large dorsal and ventral fins - No caudal peduncle, large caudal fin
46
Myxiniformes
Haggish - Slime excretion defense - presence of barbels -
47
Salmon Life Cycle
``` Egg Alevin (placental feeding) Fry Parr (parr marks on sides) Smolt (undergo osmotic changes from FW to SW) Adult Spawning Adult ```
48
Hagfish (myxiniformes)
- barbels (chemoreception) - fully grown young after hatching - slime producing
49
Chordata
- notochord - dorsal hollow nerve cord - endostyle (tongue) - postanal tail - pharynx - cartilaginous skeleton

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