TAXONOMY & DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMS

Question 1

IS THE SCIENCE OF CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS

Answer 1

Taxonomy

Question 2

is the arrange of organisms into taxonomic groups

Answer 2

Classification

Question 3

is the assignment of names to the various taxa according to international rules

Answer 3

Nomenclature

Question 4

is the process of determining whether an isolate belongs to one of the established, named taxa or represents a previously identified species.

Answer 4

identification

Question 5

Two types of cells

Answer 5

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic

Question 6

Name the SIX kingdom system

Answer 6

Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, & Animalia (B, A, P, P, F, A,)

Question 7

Lack a nucleus and consist of the extremophiles or ‘ancient’ bacteria eg. ( methanogens, thermophiles, halophiles,)

Answer 7

Archaea

Question 8

Lack a nucleus and consist of the traditional or ‘true bacteria’ eg. ( most pathogenic forms, E. coli, S. aureus, etc.)

Answer 8

Eubacteria

Question 9

Contains a membrane bound nucleus (plants, animals, protists, and fungi)

Answer 9

Eukarya

Question 10

Originally thought to predominate in extreme environments that are very salty, acidic, alkaline, hot, cold, or anaerobic where they are sometimes dominant

Answer 10

DOMAIN ARCHEA

Question 11

their eukaryote counter parts consisting of cells bounded by ____

Answer 11

Archaea

Question 12

cell walls lack peptidoglycan, but some
contain a structurally similar substance
called ___________________________

Answer 12

pseudopeptidoglycan or
pseudomurein.

Question 13

☆ live in
the
environments
most extreme
☆ can reproduce at temperatures varying
from below freezing to boiling

Answer 13

Euryarchaeota

Question 14

______ are strict anaerobes found in
freshwater, marine sediments, soils and
the gut of many animals and humans

Answer 14

Methanogens

Question 15

includes halophilic (“salt-loving”) archaea
☆ require a very high concentrations of
sodium chloride in their aquatic
environment (close to saturation, at
36%); such environments include the
Dead Sea as well as some salty lakes in
Antarctica and south-central Asia

Answer 15

Halobacteria

Question 16

Aquatic, Most not all, are HYPERthermophiles (grow up to 113 degrees celsius)

Answer 16

Phylum Crenarchaeota

Question 17

thermophiles (70–80°C)
✧ acidophiles (pH of 2–3)
✧ aerobic (heterotrophs) or
anaerobic (oxidize sulfur to
produce sulfuric acid, which is
stored in granules)

Answer 17

Genus Sulfolobus

Question 18

Rod-shaped hyperthermophiles
that grow in mildly acidic
conditions at temperatures up
to 95°C.
✧ optimal growth temperature of
85 °C
☆ Motile
☆ cellular membrane in which lipids form
a monolayer rather than a
bilayer
☆ reduce sulfur or molecular hydrogen
and use carbon dioxide or carbon
monoxide as a source of carbon to
produce ATP
☆ the deepest-branching genus of
Archaea

Answer 18

Genus Thermoproteus

Question 19

can be sub-classified according to
a number of diverse features, including:
★ Shape: Round (coccus), rod-shaped (bacillus),
comma-shaped (vibrio) or spiral (spirilla /
spirochete)

Answer 19

DOMAIN EUBACTERIA

Question 20

What is the cell wall composition of domain eubacteria

Answer 20

Gram positive (thick
peptidoglycan layer) or Gram negative
(lipopolysaccharide layer)

Question 21

★ ALL eukaryotes are not visible to the naked eye
★ ALL eukaryotes are not multicellular
★ ALL
eukaryotic cells have true
nucleus
★ Consists of four kingdoms: Protista, Plantae,
Fungi, Animalia ★ True nucleus

Answer 21

DOMAIN EUKARYA

Question 22

They are considered as non
living cells.

Answer 22

Viruses

Question 23

do
not have a membrane bound nucleus
☆ eubacteria (true bacteria)
☆ archaebacteria (ancient bacteria)

Answer 23

Prokaryotes

Question 24

have a
membrane bound nucleus
★ Algae ★ Fungi
★ Protozoa
★ Plants
★ Animals

Answer 24

Eukaryotes

Question 25

★ Structures on the outside of bacteria ☆ Cell membrane ☆ Cell wall ☆ Layers outside the cell wall

Answer 25

BACTERIAL CELL ENVELOPE

Question 26

Thin structure that completely surrounds the cell

Answer 26

★ Cell Membrane

Question 27

Structure of cell membrane

Answer 27

Fluid mosaic model

Question 28

fatty acids point INWARD toward each other

Answer 28

Hydrophobic environment

Question 29

remain exposed to the EXTERNAL environment

Answer 29

Hydrophilic environment

Question 30

– firmly embedded in the membrane; transport and other functions

Answer 30

Integral proteins

Question 31

not embedded but associated with membrane surface

Answer 31

Peripheral proteins

Question 32

________ are present in many Bacteria absent in Archaea

Answer 32

Hopanoids

Question 33

☆ Functions of the Cell membrane

Answer 33

Permeability barrier – prevents leakage and functions as a gateway for the transport of nutrients into and out of the cell ✧ Protein anchor – site of many proteins involved transport, in bioenergetics, and chemotaxis ✧ Energy conservation – site of generation and use of the proton motive force

Question 34

______ is the primary component of the cell wall

Answer 34

☆ Peptidoglycan

Question 35

stain purple; thick peptidoglycan positve or negatve

Answer 35

Gram-positive