TB Flashcards
(26 cards)
How long does tuberculosis (TB) require treatment?
TB requires treatment for months to years.
What are the first-line agents for TB treatment?
The first-line agents are Isoniazid (INH), Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol.
What are second-line drugs for TB?
Second-line drugs are less effective, more toxic, and less extensively studied. They are for patients who cannot tolerate first-line drugs or are infected with resistant TB.
What is required for the treatment of active TB?
The treatment of active TB requires the use of multiple drugs and drug susceptibility testing should be done for all patients.
Which two drugs are the most active for treating active TB?
Isoniazid and rifampin are the two most active drugs.
What is the standard TB treatment regimen?
The standard regimen is isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for 2 months, followed by isoniazid and rifampin for 4 months, totaling 6 months.
What is the recommended treatment for latent TB infection (LTBI)?
Recommended treatments include 3 months of once weekly isoniazid plus rifapentine, 4 months of daily rifampin, or 3 months of daily isoniazid plus rifampin.
What does CDC recommend for healthy patients with predictive factors for active TB?
CDC recommends a 12-week isoniazid/rifapentine regimen as an equal alternative to 9 months of daily isoniazid.
What is MDR-TB?
MDR-TB is tuberculosis resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin.
How long does treatment for MDR-TB typically last?
Treatment of MDR-TB typically lasts for about 2 years.
What are some second-line regimens for MDR-TB?
Second-line regimens may include an aminoglycoside, a fluoroquinolone, any first-line drugs that remain active, and one or more of cycloserine, ethionamide, or P-aminosalicylic acid.
What are promising shorter regimens for MDR-TB?
Promising shorter regimens may include a combination of bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid for 6 months.
What should females with TB be cautioned against?
Females with TB should be cautioned against becoming pregnant due to risks to the fetus and mother.
What is the usual treatment for pregnant women with TB?
The usual treatment is isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol for 9 months.
What is the importance of B-vitamins during pregnancy for TB patients?
B-vitamins are particularly important during pregnancy and should be provided to females being treated for TB.
What is the use of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in patients treated with isoniazid?
Pyridoxine is given to all persons at risk of neuropathy, including pregnant women and those with HIV.
What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of Isoniazid?
Isoniazid interferes with the synthesis of mycolic acid and is bactericidal for actively growing tubercle bacilli.
What are the side effects of Isoniazid?
Side effects include allergic reactions, INH-induced hepatitis, peripheral neuropathy, and CNS toxicity.
What are Rifamycins?
Rifamycins are macrocyclic antibiotics that inhibit RNA synthesis.
What are the side effects of Rifampin?
Side effects include orange discoloration of bodily fluids, rashes, and hepatotoxicity.
What is the mechanism of action of Ethambutol?
Ethambutol inhibits arabinosyl transferases involved in the polymerization of arabinoglycan, essential for the MTB cell wall.
What are the side effects of Ethambutol?
Side effects include retrobulbar neuritis, loss of visual acuity, and red-green color blindness.
What is the management for mild COVID-19?
Most people recover at home with over-the-counter medicines; high-risk patients should receive treatments to reduce hospitalization chances.
What antiviral treatments are recommended for high-risk patients with mild COVID-19?
Antivirals include Nirmatrelvir with ritonavir, Remdesivir, and Molnupiravir.
