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TB8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What part of the brain did HM have removed?

A

the medial temporal lobe

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2
Q

What deficits did HM have?

A

no memory since the operation= dense anterograde amnesia, ate lunch the same time in a row, watched films many times in a row

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3
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

From the brain injury to present

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4
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

From birth until the brain injury

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5
Q

What effect did anoxia, carbon monoxide poisoning have on RB’s brain?

A

Damage to the hippocampus

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6
Q

What brain damage does herpes encephalitis cause?

A

Damage to the hippocampus and ATC

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7
Q

What damage to the brain does Korsakoff’s syndrome cause?

A

damage to maxillary bodies

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8
Q

What three structures are associated with amnesia?

A

Hippocampus, fornix and mammillary bodies

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9
Q

What do the mammillary bodies connect?

A

Connect the fornix and thalamus

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10
Q

What is the effect of amnesia on verbal learning?

A

Dense amnesiacs have problems completing verbal learning tasks and patients with mild amnesia has slight impairments on verbal learning

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11
Q

What functions are preserved in amnesia?

A

STM, semantic memory, implicit (non-conscious memory)

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12
Q

What is the stem completion task and how did amnesiacs perform?

A

Stem task involves presenting the first part of the word and hiding the rest in order to get the participant to guess the word. When they were told nothing about the words, they performed better than controls but when told the words were related to previous words, they performed worse.

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13
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Conscious retrieval of a recent exposure or episode/episodic memory

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14
Q

What area of the brain is activated when a familiar character is seen?

A

Anterior Temporal lobe

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15
Q

What is memory?

A

A series of processes where the nervous system acquires information from new experiences, retains information and guides behaviour.

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16
Q

What animal is the hippocampus named after?

A

Seahorse

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17
Q

Where does the hippocampus receive information from?

A

The entorinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex and perihinal cortex

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18
Q

What is the function of the perihinal cortex?

A

Object recognition

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19
Q

What is the function of the posterior hippocampus? And where does it receive this information from?

A

Spacial orientation - parahippocampal cortex

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20
Q

What is the function of the anterior hippocampus?

And where does it receive this information from?

A

Emotion and object recognition - amygdala and perihinal cortex

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21
Q

Where does the information come from into the hippocampus and how does it exit?

A

Inputs enter by the debate gyrus and exits by the subiculum

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22
Q

What is an example of the presynaptic cell?

A

CA3

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23
Q

Explain the response of a weak response of LTP

A

Weak response = small amount of glutamate is released into the synapse, AMPA (a receptor) allows NA+tions to diffuse into the post-synaptic neurone, causing slight depolarisation but not enough for MG blocking the NMDA receptor to be moved. NO action potential

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24
Q

Explain the response of a strong stimulus

A

Causes lots of Na+ neurones to go through AMPA (a receptor) into the post synaptic neurone. This LARGE depolarisation causes the Mg+ ion to be displaced and so Na+ and Ca+ ions enter through NMDA and cause an action potential. This causes more AMPA neurones to be connected to the post synaptic membrane so that next time there will be a greater influx of Na+ neurones and this strengthens the communication of that synapse

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25
What drug blocks the NMDA receptor?
Ketamine
26
Which brain area has the most NMDA receptors?
The hippocampus
27
How can memantine be used in AD treatment?
It blocks the NMDA receptors, preventing as much release of glutamate which is toxic
28
What did Bliss and Lomo find in rabbits?
They found LTP system does work the same in rats and that when an action potential has been stimulated in the past, it is more likely to be stimulated again
29
What happens to rats in the Moms water task when NMDA is removed?
They are unable to navigate back to the platform and so have to use a trial and error method to find it every time.
30
O'Keefe and Nadal studied hippocampus functioning. What did they find?
That the hippocampus provides an internal map that codes for spatial relations between objects and the environment
31
What is an engram?
An engram consists of a network of neurones with connections distributions over the cortex
32
In the relational memory theory, what do the rats with hippocampal lesions struggle with?
They cannot infer which cup to search having never seen the pair but they can remember individual associations
33
What does the two-process theory suggest?
That the hippocampus is slow and relational and spacial where as the perihinal cortex is important in rapid and item-based processing
34
What is episodic memory?
Event memory and is associated with the hippocampus, it is impaired in amnesia
35
What is semantic memory?
Factual knowledge and is preserved in amnesia
36
What is semantic memory and was area of the brain is damaged?
It is progressive loss of conceptual knowledge across modalities - poor understanding of words and objects. Damage to the anterior temporal lobes
37
What is the relationship between amnesia and dementia?
Amnesia = problems with episodic memory and preserved semantic memory Dementia = problems with semantic memory yet preserved episodic memory Therefore, DOUBLE DISSOCIATION
38
How are memories encoded in the hippocampus?
Fast - few neurones code for each item and so similar items can be separated
39
How are memories encoded in the neocortex?
Slow - similar features are shared by multiple experiences
40
What is a temporal gradient in amnesia?
It refers to poorer retrograde amnesia for recent than more distant events
41
What type of sleep is important in memory consolidation?
Slow wave sleep
42
What happens if electrical current is applied in slow wave sleep?
It strengthens verbal learning
43
When is retrieval of events impaired in amnesiacs?
Retrieval BEFORE consolidation is affected - hippocampus
44
When is retrieval of events not impaired?
Retrieval AFTER consolidation is not affected
45
Can you have developmental amnesia?
Yes as Kate, Jon, Beth had bilateral hippomcapal damage from birth - 44% reduction in hippocampus size.
46
What are the two theories involves in how semantic memories are organised in the cortex?
1. Sensory functional theory - organised by sensory and functional information 2. Domain specific theory - organised by semantic categories rather than properties
47
What is the DMN? What is it necessary for?
It is suppression of the hippocampus and ATL when completing an action - want to make the brain at rest
48
What is the subsequent memory effect?
When the VLPFC and hippocampus are important in encoding memories and then being able to recall them
49
When is the VLPFC involved?
When memories interfere with each other and so to activate the correct memory you have to control competition between memories
50
What is retroactive interference?
New learning interferes with an old memory
51
What is proactive interference?
Old learning interferes with a new memory
52
What are the three factors increasing interference?
1. competing memory was presented recently 2. competing memory to similar target 3. there are many competitiors
53
What is the effect of PFC damage?
Confabulation - failure to inhibit irrelevant thoughts and memories and a failure to detect implausible responses - known as a meta-cognitive deficit
54
What causes Korsakoff's syndrome? And what areas does this syndrome affect?
Amnesia associated with long term alcoholism - caused by thiamine deficiency. Prefrontal cortex and mammillary bodies are affected
55
What areas of the brain are important in semantic retrieval?
The VLPFC, LIFG, and posterior MTG.
56
What is semantic aphasia?
It is when retrieval is dominated by strong associations, even when these are irrelevant
57
What happens when we forget information? Which part of the brain prevents this?
Forgetting arises from the need to control competition process in retrieval - VLPFC prevents this happening.
58
What happens when the VLPFC cannot suppress emotions?
PTSD
59
What are the the four main causes of amnesia and what do they mean?
1. Herpes Simplex Encephalitis - infection within the brain 2. Hypoxic Brain Injury - brain cells start to die after 4-6 minutes of oxygen deprivation 3. korsakoff's syndrome - alcohol consumption 4. AD
60
What are the eight neurological testing measures used?
1. Face Recognition 2. Picture Naming 3. Rey Figure Copy - copy a drawn image 4. Corsi Block tests - describe spatial representations of things 5. Paired associate learning - retrieval of word pairs 6. Palm Trees 7. Logical memory 8. Autobiographical memory - count up recent memories
61
Where are memories stored?
In connections between neurones - cell assemblies
62
When Badre and Wagner studied interference resolution, what did they find?
Results were better when the word was negative (not in the set) and was more recent - thus increased VLPFC activation
63
What is source memory?
It is looking at retrieval memory (have you seen the item before?) and source memory (choose item) - when you say where you previously saw it there is activation in the VLPFC
64
What is the induced forgetting task? What was the result of it?
Learn associations between words and then practice them but only half and then they found that only practicing half, suppressed the other half
65
What can brain region can PTSD be linked to? And why?
VLPFC and because it fails to suppress emotional memories

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