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Nephrology > TBL 1 > Flashcards

TBL 1 Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Normal K level

A

3.5-5

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2
Q

Normal Mg level

A

1.7-2.3

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3
Q

Normal plasma osmolality

A

275-290

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4
Q

Normal Na level

A

135-145

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5
Q

Normal Ca level

A

8.5-10

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6
Q

Normal Phos level

A

2.5-4.5

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7
Q

how does hypokalemia affect the EKG

A

depressed T wave, hyperpolarization

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8
Q

symptoms of hypokalemia

A

weakness, cramping, fatigue, myalgias

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9
Q

how does hyperkalemia affect the heart

A

peaked T wave, hypopolarization

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10
Q

what cations are inside the cell

A

potassium and magnesium

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11
Q

what cations are outside the cell

A

sodium and calcium

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12
Q

what is the most abundant cation

A

potassium

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13
Q

where is the primary site of potassium excretion

A

distal tubule

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14
Q

what regulates potassium excretion

A

aldosterone, delivery of sodium and water to distal tubule

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15
Q

what regulates the internal balance of potassium

A

insulin, catecholamines, acid-base

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16
Q

what does alkalosis do to potassium

A

moves it into the cell

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17
Q

what does acidosis do to potassium

A

moves it out of the cell

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18
Q

insulin stimulates ____

A

potassium uptake

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19
Q

catecholamines activate ____

A

Na-K-ATPase pump

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20
Q

what drugs cause hypokalemia by increasing sodium and water delivery to distal tubules

A

diuretics, aminoglycosides, penicillins

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21
Q

what drugs cause hyperkalemia

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A

K-sparing diuretics, ACEi/ARB, NSAIDs, heparin, cyclo, tacro, trimethoprim, pentamidine

22
Q

how can you treat hyperkalemia

Study These Flashcards
A

calcium gluconate/chloride, insulin, albuterol, sodium bicarb, loop diuretics, potassium binders

23
Q

what is the main site of magnesium reaborption

Study These Flashcards
A

loop of henle

24
Q

what are some drugs that cause hypomagnesemia

Study These Flashcards
A

diuretics (loop bc Mg loop of henle), alcohol, aminoglycosides, ampho b, cisplatin, cyclo, tacro

25
what are some non-drug causes of hypomagnesemia
alcoholism, short gut syndrome, pancreatic insufficiency
26
what are some symptoms of hypomagnesemia
depressed T wave/prominent U wave (hypokalemia), positive chvostek/trousseua sign (hypocalcemia), tetany, convulsions, muscle cramps, neuromuscular irritability, tremor
27
how can you treat asymptomatic hypomagnesemia >1.0
oral supplementation, look out for diarrhea
28
how can you treat symptomatic hypomagnesemia <1.0
IV magnesium 2-4 g IV over 2-4 hours (causes vasodilation if given too fast)
29
what are some causes of hypermagnesemia
antacids, cathartics, renal failure
30
how can you treat hypermagnesemia
calcium chloride/gluconate, forced diuresis (saline w/ furosemide IV)
31
parathyroid hormone increases calcium _____
reabsorption
32
parathyroid hormone increases phosphate ____
excretion
33
parathyroid hormone activates ____
vitamin D
34
calcium _____ calcium reabsorption
decreases
35
_____ diuretics cause hypercalcemia
thiazide
36
when to administer phosphate binders
with meals
37
hypercalcemia effect on the heart
decreased QT interval, broadened T waves, first degree AV block
38
hypocalcemia effect on the heart
increased QT interval, AMI, CHF
39
symptoms of severe hypophosphatemia
decreased energy stores (ATP), decreased RBC 2,3-DPG concentration (decreases release of oxygen to peripheral tissues, may result in tissue hypoxia)
40
symptoms of acute hyperphosphatemia
deposition of Ca-Phos crystals, hypocalcemia
41
chronic symptoms of hyperphosphatemia
hypocalcemia, soft tissue calcification, secondary hyperparathyroidism, bone disease
42
neuromuscular symptoms of hypocalcemia
tetany, chvostek and trousseu signs, paresthesias, muscle cramps
43
dermatologic symptoms of hypocalcemia
hair loss, grooved, brittle nails, eczema
44
____ diuretics cause hyponatremia
thiazide
45
hyponatremia causes the brain to ____
swell
46
hypernatremia causes the brain to _____
shrink
47
what happens when you over-correct hyponatremia
osmotic demyelination
48
isovolemic hyponatremia can be caused by syndrome of inappropriate ___
ADH
49
isovolemic hyponatremia can be caused by _____
diabetes insipidus (central or nephrogenic)
50
central DI is caused by _____
decreased ADH secretion

Nephrology (3 decks)

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