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Block 3; Week 8 > TBL PREP > Flashcards

TBL PREP Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the effects of estrogen in the female reproductive system?

A

proliferation of the endometrium
thinning of cervical mucus
stimulates pituitary to secrete LH (LH surge–>ovulation)
stimulates progesterone production

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2
Q

What does the LH surge do?

A

ovulation!
preovulatory follicle completes Meiosis I & is suspended in Metaphase Ii of Meiosis II
LH increases collagenase activity to eat thru the fibers of the follicle
LH increases prostaglandin release to cause muscular contraction

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3
Q

What do lute an cells secrete?

A

progesterone

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4
Q

With the combination of progesterone & estrogen what happens to the uterine mucosa?

A

it becomes secretory in preparation for implantation

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5
Q

Fertilization usu happens @ the ampulla of the uterine tube. How long does it take to get from the ampulla to the uterus?

A

3-4 days

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6
Q

When there isn’t fertilization what happens to the lutean cells?

A

The lutean cells undergo apoptosis.
corpus albicans form
progesterone production decreases
menstrual bleeding ensues

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7
Q

When fertilization does occur where does the hCG come from?

A

synctiotrophoblast

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8
Q

When does progesterone production stop in pregnancy? Why?

A

stops @ the end of the 4th month

it stops b/c the trophoblastic secretion of progesterone became adequate

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9
Q

Tell the entire story of the journey of the sperm.

A
  1. passive transfer of sperm from testicles to the epididymis.via testicular fluid
  2. maturation in the epididymis for up to 2 weeks
  3. rapid transfer thru the vas deferens
  4. addition of seminal vesicle fluid
  5. addition of prostatic fluid
  6. sperm deposited in the upper vagina
  7. sperm passes thru the cervix & uterus
  8. sperm passes into uterine tubes (thru swimming & contractions)
  9. A smaller number of sperm reach the ampulla & the egg.
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10
Q

After fertilization, when does the morula enter the uterine cavity?

A

days 3-4

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11
Q

After fertilization, when does the blastocyst implant in the uterus?

A

day 7

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12
Q

What are some things that are important to have happen to the sperm before fertilization?

A

Capacitation: sperm must mature in female reproductive tract, glycoprotein coat must be removed, seminal plasma proteins must be removed from the plasma membrane
Acrosome RxN: sperm must release enzyme to dissolve ZP

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13
Q

What are the 3 phases of fertilization?

A

Phase I: penetration of the corona radiata
Phase II: penetration of ZP
Phase III: fusion of oocyte & sperm membranes.

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14
Q

What are the steps of fertilization?

A 
penetration of the ZP by the sperm
sperm in perivitelline space
sperm thru the perivitelline membrane
egg's completion of the 2nd meiotic division & formation of the 2nd polar body
male & female pronuclei visible
mitotic spindle forms & first cleavage
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15
Q

What are the 3 initial results of fertilization?

A

restoration of diploid number of chromosomes
sex determination
initiation of cleavage

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16
Q

After fertilization & the first cell division…what is it called?

A

Blastomere

**it is called this at the 2, 4, & 8 cell stages.

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17
Q

Describe the structure of the blastomere.

A

called a blastomere when there are 2, 4, & 8 cells involved…which each division the cells get smaller & more compacted.
you get the inner & outer cell layers.

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18
Q

Once you have 16 cells…what is it called? What day does this usu happen on?

A

morula!

happens usu on day 3.

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19
Q

Describe the structure of the morula.

A

16 cell stage
has an inner cell mass: called embryo proper–>forms tissues of the baby
has an outer cell mass: called trophoblast–>forms placenta

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20
Q

What is the structure called after it is done being a morula? When does this usu happen?

A

a blastocyst!

happens on day 5.

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21
Q

Describe the structure of the blastocyst.

A 
has no ZP
has a blastocele (a cavity)
inner cell mass=embryoblast
outer cell mass=trophoblast
has an epithelial layer
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22
Q

When does the blastocyst implant in terms of the mother’s cycle? Where?

A

secretory phase–good for nutrients

anterior or posterior wall

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23
Q

What are the 3 layers of the endometrium?

A

basal layer
spongy layer
compact layer

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24
Q

What is the main source of nutrition for the baby b/w the 1st & 8th weeks? What replaces it after that?

A

nutrition from the endometrium: trophoblastic nutrition

replaced by placental nutrition

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25
How does the kid get trophoblastic nutrition?
the trophoblast cells invade the decidua & then nutrients are released that allow for embryonic growth.
26
What are the progressive effects of progesterone on the endometrium?
You start off with stromal cells. They then become highly secretory with glycogen, proteins, lipids, & minerals... then decimal cells are formed, forming a layer known as decidua. This is perfect nutrition for the kid.
27
In the trophoblast of the kid vili emerge. What is found in the primary villi?
they just have synctiotrophoblast on the outside & an inner cytotrophoblast core.
28
What is the structure like of secondary villi?
this is the same structure as the primary villus, but with an inner core of mesodermal cells.
29
What is the structure of the tertiary villi?
same as secondary villi but with some of the mesodermal cells becoming blood cells & blood vessels
30
What happens to the trophoblast at the end of the 3rd week?
maternal vessels penetrate the cytotrophoblastic shell & enter the intervillous spaces.
31
How do the capillaries that are found in the villi of the trophoblast connect to the kid?
these villi are in contact with the vessels in the chorionic plate & connecting stalk in turn, these are connected to intraembryonic vessels
32
At the end of the 3rd week, the trophoblast also has a radial shape. Explain this.
the secondary & tertiary villi make everything radial. the intervillous spaces are filled with syncytium the embryo is suspened in the chorionic cavity by the connecting stalk.
33
What is different about fetal hemoglobin in comparison to maternal hemoglobin?
fetal hemoglobin has a higher oxygen carrying capacity a fetus has a 50% higher conc'n of hemoglobin can bind oxygen better if at a low Pco2.
34
What are the waste products of the fetus?
``` stuff with nitrogen NOT proteins urea uric acid creatinine ```
35
What does hCG come from? What is its fcn?
synctial trophoblast cells | it prevents the involution of the corpus luteum
36
When do you start seeing hCG? When does it peak?
Start seeing: 8-9 days after ovulation | Peak: 10-12 weeks
37
When can hCG be helpful in determining pregnancy?
can help determine 7-10 days after pregnancy
38
Describe the protein composition of hCG.
alpha chain + hCG beta chain + aldehyde chains
39
What is the difference b/w the hCG beta chain & LH beta chain?
the hCG beta has a longer half life & more aldehyde chains
40
When does hCG go away?
around the end of the 1st trimester
41
What is the exact target of hCG? What is its signaling pattern?
targets the corpus luteum also targets the fetal Leydig cells to increase testosterone production for the formation of Wolffian ducts LH binds the receptor-->cAMP rises-->PKA activated
42
During pregnancy, where do estrogens come from?
synctial trophoblast cells
43
Why can't the placenta directly turn progesterone into estrogens?
b/c it lacks 17 alpha hydroxylase
44
How are estrogens produced during pregnancy?
Mom's adrenal cortex: secretes testosterone & DHEA-S (androgenic form) *these go to the placenta & are converted into estradiol & estrone. Baby: CRH levels high, makes ACTH levels high. Fetal adrenal cortex secretes DHEA-S (non-androgenic form). Goes to the liver & is converted into 16-hydroxy DHEA-S. *this goes to the placenta & becomes estriol.
45
Why is the trophoblastic layer of the placenta capable of producing so much estrogen?
b/c it has a bunch of sulfatases & aromatases
46
What are the effects of a ton of estrogen in the system?
enlargement of the mother's uterus enlargement of the mother's breasts enlargement of the mother's external genitalia relaxation of mom's pelvic ligaments
47
What is the importance of progesterone during pregnancy?
relaxes the uterus to avoid spontaneous abortion causes decidualization of the endometrial stroma-->this provides nutrition causes secretions from the uterine tubes so that the early embryo can had nutrition inhibits GnRH-->corpus luteum therefore doesn't regress & new folliculogenesis doesn't begin. FSH & LH levels are low.
48
What is the function of human chorionic somatomammotropin? What is another name for it?
human placental lactogen grows the mammary gland grows the fetus reduces glucose tolerance
49
Where does hCS come from? What is its structure? What is the length of its half life roughly?
comes from syncytial trophoblast polypeptide has a short half-life
50
When do you stop seeing increases in hCS? What is its clinical usefulness?
increases until the 36th week | useful in diagnosis of decreased placental mass
51
Which things from the mom produce relaxin?
corpus luteum ovary breast
52
Which things from the pregnancy produce relaxin?
placenta chorion decidua
53
When does the amount of relaxin peak?
during the first trimester
54
Describe the structure of relaxin receptors.
RXFP1 RXFP2 G-protein coupled receptors
55
Where are relaxin receptors found?
heart smooth muscle CT nervous tissue
56
What are the functions of relaxin in animals?
``` widens pubic bone to facilitate labor softens cervix relaxes uterine musculature inhibits collagen synthesis promotes collagen breakdown via increased matrix metalloproteinases enhances angiogenesis acts as a vasodilator ```
57
How much weight does a mother gain during pregnancy? How much does a mother's metabolism increase?
Weight Gain: 24 pounds | Metabolism increases by 15%
58
How much more blood volume does a pregnant mother have? How much amniotic fluid is there?
Amniotic Fluid: 500-1000 mL | Blood volume is 30% above normal due to fluid retention
59
What happens to cardiac output during pregnancy?
CO increases by 30-40% by the 27th week; falls in the last 8 weeks
60
What happens to respiration during pregnancy?
increases by 20%
61
What is preeclampsia? When do you start seeing it?
preeclampsia starts @ 20th week of gestation | involves HTN & leakage of protein into the urine
62
What is eclampsia?
extreme form of preeclampsia
63
Describe some of the factors that help in delivery of the baby?
``` increased uterine excitability increased ratio of estrogen/progesterone oxytocin from mom oxytocin from baby prostaglandins from baby cortisol from baby ```
64
What are some mechanical factors that affect uterine contractility?
stretch of uterine musculature | irritation of the cervix
65
What's the deal with oxytocin?
pos. feedback secreted from the neurohypophysis oxytocine receptors on uterine muscle increase
66
Describe the positive feedback deal w/ delivery?
stretching of the cervix by the fetal head...uterine contraction...more stretching...more contraction.
67
Describe 3 of the main roles of oxytocin
hastens delivery promotes delivery of placenta reduces bleeding
68
Can oxytocin induce labor?
Yes, but usu it only starts once the cervix is stretched.
69
Describe the increasing frequency of labor contractions.
starts out every 30 minutes. | ends up every 1-3 minutes
70
What percentage of babies go out head first?
95%
71
What is the 1st stage of delivery?
cervix dilation to the size of the head 8-24 hours visceral sensory hypogastric nerves
72
What is the 2nd stage of delivery?
``` 1-30 minutes membrane rapture loss of amniotic fluid head out somatic nerves to spinal cord ```
73
how long before the uterus involutes?
4-5 weeks
74
Which hormone does hCS mimic?
prolactin--milk production
75
What part of breast development does estrogen stimulate?
lactiferous ducts stroma fat
76
What part of breast development does progesterone stimulate?
lobulo-alveolar system
77
What are 2 hormones that suppress milk production?
estrogen & progesterone | when you give birth you lose those things & then you get milk production.
78
Describe the breast ejection reflex?
``` suckling sensory impulse to spinal cord goes to hypothalamus posterior pituitary secretes Oxytocin contraction of myoepithelial cells milk from alveoli gets into ducts **milk removal required for continued lactation **reflex doesn't diminish over time ```

Block 3; Week 8 (8 decks)

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